BANISTERIA

A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA

Number 43 ISSN 1066-0712 2014

BANISTERIA

A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA ISSN 1066-0712 Published by the Virginia Natural History Society

The Virginia Natural History Society (VNHS) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the dissemination of scientific information on all aspects of natural history in the Commonwealth of Virginia, including botany, zoology, ecology, archeology, anthropology, paleontology, geology, geography, and climatology. Membership in VNHS includes a subscription to Banisteria. Annual dues are $20.00 (per calendar year); library subscriptions to Banisteria are $40.00. Subscribers/members outside the United States should add $3.00 for additional postage. Checks should be made payable to the Virginia Natural History Society. Membership dues and inquires should be directed to the Secretary- Treasurer (address, page 2); correspondence regarding Banisteria to the Editor. Banisteria 1s a peer-reviewed journal. The Editor will consider manuscripts on any aspect of natural history in Virginia or neighboring states if the information concerns a species native to Virginia or the topic is directly related to regional natural history (as defined above). Book reviews, biographies, and historical accounts of relevance to natural history in Virginia also are suitable for publication in Banisteria. For additional information regarding the VNHS, including other membership categories, field events, symposia, representative papers from past issues of Banisteria, and instructions for prospective authors, consult our website at: http://virginianaturalhistorysociety.com/

Editorial Staff: Banisteria

Editor

Steven M. Roble Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 600 E. Main Street, 24" Floor Richmond, Virginia 23219

Associate Editors

Joseph C. Mitchell, Mitchell Ecological Research Service, LLC P.O. Box 2520, High Springs, Florida 32655

Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr., Department of Entomology Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634

Thomas F. Wieboldt, Department of Biology Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061

Banisteria No. 42 was published on 9 January 2014.

Cover: The Virginia Natural History Society’s logo is based around sketches of a fern (Woodwardia virginica) and shark’s tooth (Carcharodon ?) drawn by John Banister (1650-1692), Virginia’s first university-trained naturalist.

Back cover: Arisaema triphyllum (Linnaeus) Schott (Jack-in-the-pulpit). Original drawing by John Banister. Figure 45 in folio in Hans Sloane’s MS 4002 in the British Museum of Natural History. Photograph courtesy of Joseph and Nesta Ewan.

BANISTERIA

A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA

Number 43, 2014

Contributed Papers

Land Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of Two National Parks Along the Potomac River near Washington, District of Columbia Brent Wry oceuy amc: Diet hy ey AREARCEs Mace ge ctmtesen etek en ctaneee ei te Se Mecates eat ecates ox neds oid meine ba seabed adiaine phe medyecr es eiedye Edie Mapasiemesdee ted 3

Comparisons of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Fine Roots of Pinus virginiana Hosts from Two Soil Sources at the Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve, Franklin County, Virginia Gregory (De Tunes ain, Marianne LITT Kee secretes 55 satsescett = sctoeachte rien abs sigesietsPuienlsch anBojenlschen sanls babe cis ba bacnttanae’ phon « Beestonees Be omloae $e Saealsdhape fines mupvions 21

Dragonflies and Damselflies of Albemarle County, Virginia (Odonata) PT bath Sole 4 RO WT Va coh RRO ALR Nb aR Sa MN Ps nn isto dP Soy COM, he Wo teils Note I Date Lada ed Wan ott deca Mute ihe ers chee 28

Twelve Ground Beetles New to Virginia or the District of Columbia and an Annotated Checklist of the Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) from the George Washington Memorial Parkway Brent asleury: anc IPeler WW WISSSen tad ay eet centr plement aencieceh tacts ncene do tbead teas ceuiithen pup berenchaasten taala a nencebeekarboieebienetelte 40

Ichthyofaunal Survey of Tributaries of the Appomattox River System, Virginia, 1986-87 Mitchel: Norte: and Rom S Out Wickes ooh. pds shake tesa rede penta ofeaesiiten ofisvn iced cpr qabtactidlanbotsfesiedst wBeedteatia relat ealedlonefestl sda chpaties 56

Freshwater Turtles in the Blackwater River Drainage in Southeastern Virginia Mitchell-D, Norman and Josephs€.. Mitchel]... 5022. csiccentnssnenenaseavacnncnagvacntanensebensidaneselntesbinlenn¢ tench danstenedenbarcaeebenscdanstenede 70

Amphibian and Reptile Communities in Hardwood Forest and Old Field Habitats in the Central Virginia Piedmont FBS pb OE IVA CCT D5 ay ss we tvs po ease rhbe tities At ise es At ise eds pig AAR claps ccleaa bp ha veel detec eta cate tte ate na aaah Sle eat 79

Caddisfly Species New to, or Rarely Recorded from, the State of Virginia (Insecta: Trichoptera) CSET Te WORM IM bee DM es care 5 cts sen phicg ees ate cevsavageione otancate om eetecaze om sa sucvecem alter atnya leu pages May cathe siehs om oprees origaremie oo pretense psieine ps tOas ota naraine sid Spcediouevamanedicctioacben 89

Shorter Contributions

The Opuntia Cactus Bug Chelinidea vittiger Rediscovered in Virginia (Heteroptera: Coreidae) CENLISTO PELE LOIS OMT ccracsh a theaet a atteaneslaewic tna Mice porter alehe™ nice seeheS a racals RF esie Lo Beale po Relgwlacl po Mian npc Pe Galego Whee < See steamers Meouleahoa Hecate beamerend sone 93

Two Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) New to the Virginia Fauna, Plus Notes on Additional Poorly Known Species PAPI EVO Ce UN ees, ea cent oxeuscinen osae gate rae teas attics sm eeterien (Mracre > tore pm antecben te eoegSrsea weamecred tuna sma eieracs oobi due once deaeliskocgatucacea napecadtanncd scntateuss Munese 94

Harris’ Checkerspot (Chlosyne harrisii), a Northern Butterfly New to the Fauna of Virginia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Steven IM. Role car Adem Se Vann 9. oke.cces testes ox on steetic o> satewte ros alesaw~ bo tvs cite begs vabeBrerie Pepoiticten businatie dh fateaitanase aingms iw sbdeacen Repelemebatanenichee Mics ne tinle 96 Some Records of Chewing Lice from Carnivores in Virginia

Rea PECK Oni st torah ic AE AM al CoM as ela NCS ee Md oa Palo, POA tnd Hey Cnn ice hal tela asvnat ie MMe tanh ta! 98 Chironomid Midge Hatch Leads to Mass Mortality Event for Chimney Swifts (Chaetura pelagica)

Christopher M. Milensky, Claudia J. Austin, John H. Epler, Christina A. Gebhard, and Gary R. Graves...........cccceseceeeeees 99 Snake Predation on American Oystercatcher Eggs on Fisherman Island, Virginia

Amanda D. Hackney, Joseph C. Mitchell, and Pamela P. Denm0N ..............ceccceccessecceceesseeeeesseeceeeeseneeecesseseaeeeeeneeeeeeees 101 Miscellanea

BRE US ech igre cetera TH ee TR ERE o eT GRUNER GE ORE ROUT pe RN ERT a ae 104

Virginia Natural History Society Officers, 2014

President

Todd S. Fredericksen School of Natural Science and Mathematics Ferrum College Ferrum, Virginia 24088

tfredericksen @ferrum.edu (term expires December, 2014)

Vice President

Michael Lachance Virginia Cooperative Extension P.O. Box 298 Lovingston, Virginia 22949 lachance @ vt.edu (term expires December, 2014)

Secretary-Treasurer

William A. Shear Department of Biology Hampden-Sydney College Hampden-Sydney, Virginia 23943 wshear @hsc.edu (term expires December, 2016)

Councilors Richard S. Groover, Mechanicsville (term expires December, 2014) Nancy Moncrief, Martinsville (term expires December, 2016) [vacant] (term expires December, 2017)

Honorary Councilors

Michael Kosztarab Joseph C. Mitchell

Webmaster

John White

vhs.webmaster @ verizon.net

Banisteria, Editor

Steven M. Roble steve.roble @ dcr. virginia.gov

Land Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of Two National Parks along the Potomac River near Washington, District of Columbia

Brent W. Steury

U.S. National Park Service 700 George Washington Memorial Parkway Turkey Run Park Headquarters McLean, Virginia 22101

Timothy A. Pearce

Carnegie Museum of Natural History 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-4080

ABSTRACT

The land snails and slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of two national parks along the Potomac River in Washington DC, Maryland, and Virginia were surveyed in 2010 and 2011. A total of 64 species was documented accounting for 60 new county or District records. Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth) and Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller) are recorded for the first time from Virginia and Euconulus polygyratus (Pilsbry) is confirmed from the state. Previously unreported growth forms of Punctum smithi Morrison and Stenotrema barbatum (Clapp) are

described.

Key words: District of Columbia, Euconulus polygyratus, Gastropoda, land snails, Maryland, national park, Paralaoma servilis, Punctum smithi, Stenotrema barbatum, Virginia, Zonitoides nitidus.

INTRODUCTION

Land snails and slugs (Gastropoda: Caeno- gastropoda and Pulmonata) represent a large portion of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna with estimates ranging between 30,000 and 35,000 species worldwide (Solem, 1984), including at least 523 native taxa in the eastern United States (Hubricht, 1985). Known extinctions of land snails are disproportionately high and there is clear evidence that over the last few hundred years snail extinctions have exceeded those known for all other animal groups combined (Lydeard et al., 2004; Naggs, 2006). Land snails are thought to have low vagility, often migrating only a few meters per year (Arnaud et al., 1999), but recent studies suggest that dispersal may be facilitated by rafting in some species that occur near rivers (Sinclair, 2010), or in the case of the Japanese snail Tornatellides boeningi (Schmacker & Boettger), by traveling while in the digestive tract of birds (Wada et al., 2011).

Although county-level distributions of native land gastropods have been published for the eastern United States (Hubricht, 1985), and for the District of Columbia and Maryland (Grimm, 1971a), and Virginia (Beetle, 1973), no published records exist specific to the areas inventoried during this study, which covered select national park sites along the Potomac River in Washington D.C., central Maryland, and northern Virginia. In an effort to protect better the land snail fauna of these park areas, this study sought to provide habitat, relative abundance, and site-specific location data to identify important areas for land snail conservation at these national park sites.

STUDY SITE

Inventories were conducted on lands managed by the National Park Service, National Capital Parks-East (NCPE) and the George Washington Memorial Parkway (GWMP). The survey area is encompassed by

4 BANISTERIA

these coordinates (WGS84 Geographic Coordinate System): N 39.007 W -77.255, N 38.667 W -77.075, N 39.006 W -77.265, and N 38.806 W -76.999. While all sites deemed to have potential snail habitat within the GWMP were surveyed, including sites in the District of Columbia (Theodore Roosevelt Island [RI]), and Virginia (Arlington Co.: Potomac Heritage Trail [PH], Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary [RR]; Fairfax Co.: Great Falls Park [GF], Turkey Run Park [TR], Dyke Marsh [DM], Fort Hunt [FH], Little Hunting Creek [LH]; City of Alexandria: Daingerfield Island [DI], Jones Point Park [JP]), only portions of NCPE along the Potomac River were surveyed, including sites in the District of Columbia (Oxon Cove [OC]) and Maryland (Charles Co.: Piscataway Park [PP]; Prince Georges Co.: Fort Foote [FF], Fort Washington [FW], OC, and PP). These sites lie in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces and contain a diverse array of habitats including wetlands, meadows, and calcareous and acidic, deciduous dominated woodlands. The vascular flora of these areas is correspondingly diverse with 988 taxa documented from Piscataway and Fort Washington Parks (Steury & Davis, 2003) and 1,313 taxa from the GWMP (Steury et al., 2008; Steury, 2011). The historic forts and Endicott batteries created between 1824 and 1903 at Fort Washington and Fort Hunt are located in open areas, surrounded by mowed turf grass or irregularly maintained meadows, except for Battery Emory in Fort Washington Park, which is now surrounded by second growth woodland at the crest of mature, deciduous, shell marl ravine forest. Other important sites included the narrowleaf cattail (Typha _ angustifolia L.) dominated marsh at Dyke Marsh and the pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda [Bush] Bush) swamp forest surrounding it. Important micro-habitats for snails included under or inside rotting logs, under loose bark of fallen trees, and in leaf litter.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Surveys lasting one to five hours were conducted in 2010 and 2011 during the following months: February (2 dates), March (6), April (8), May (7), June (8), July (4), August (4), September (4), October (3), and November (2). Surveys were conducted using 3x magnifying lenses to look under woody debris, rocks, leaf litter, loose bark of rotting fallen trees, and along the bases of concrete structures. Additionally, leaf litter samples were collected by filling one to three paper grocery bags (typically 14-18 1) at most sites, and each habitat type, including talus slopes in Turkey Run Park, slopes along Difficult Run, ravine forest in Great Falls Park, shell marl forests in Fort Washington and

NO. 43, 2014

Piscataway parks, upland woods on _ Theodore Roosevelt Island, and Dyke Marsh swamp. Leaf litter samples were left in paper bags until dry, sieved in a hand spun centrifuge (pore sizes 5 x 2 mm to 5 x 20 mm), and examined under a dissecting microscope. In 2010, concurrent with this study, 500 ml cup pitfall traps were set to collect ground beetles. Bycatch in these cups often included snails that were added to the records for this study. Field notes were recorded for habitat types and locations of each collection.

Voucher specimens were collected for each species observed and to document new county or state records. Shells collected at NCPE are deposited at the Museum Resource Center (MRC) in Landover, Maryland. Shells collected at GWMP are deposited at Turkey Run Headquarters in McLean, Virginia.

New county and District records were determined by comparison with data in DeWitt (1952), Grimm (197la), Beetle (1973), Dundee (1974), Hubricht (1985), and Steury & Steury (2011). State record determinations were based on these literature reviews, plus records provided by Perez & Cordeiro (2008), and queries of collection databases at Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia (ANSP), Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum (BMSM), Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH), Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH), National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH), The Delaware Museum of Natural History (DMNH), The Ohio State University Museum of Biological Diversity (OSM), University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ), and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (YPM).

Familial nomenclature and taxonomic order follow Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), except for Cuionellidae, which follows Roth (2003). Generic and species names follow Perez & Cordeiro (2008) and Turgeon et al. (1998), and are listed alphabetically.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

At least 64 species (ten slugs and 54 snails) in 23 families were documented from 10 national park sites along the Potomac River near Washington, DC, including 10 non-natives (7 slugs, 3 snails). All of the latter are of European origin, except for Paralaoma servilis (New Zealand) and Milax gagates (Mediterranean region). Paralaoma_ servilis and Zonitoides nitidus were documented for the first time from Virginia and Euconulus_ polygyratus was confirmed for the state.

Sixty new county or District records were established (Table 1), including 22 species (eight non-

STEURY & PEARCE: LAND SNAILS =

Table 1. Species (n=64) of land snails and slugs found in national park sites in the District of Columbia (DC), Charles (CH) and Prince Georges (PG) counties, Maryland, and Arlington (AR) and Fairfax (FA) counties, and the City of Alexandria (CA), Virginia. New county and city records are indicated by an asterisk (*). Species newly recorded from the District of Columbia and vicinity since Richards (1934) are marked with a dagger (Tt). Non-native species are marked with an exclamation point (!).

|| cH | PG | AR | CA | FA

x |ELLOBIDAE __|_Carychiwm exiguum (Say 1822) | S| x* | x* | x | x | OX | P| Carychiumexite Lea 1842 | TT | SUCCINEIDAE __|_ +Catinella vermeta (Say. 1824) | TT xX |x xe po tNovvisuccinen ovalis (Say.1817) | ET pt Oxyloma ef. effusum (Pfeiffer, 1853) | x* | x | xe || xe | xe | Pp Oxyloma ef. subeffusa Pilsbry, 1948 |X | TL | CIONELLIDAE __|_Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller, 1774) | | | x | x TT po FCochticopa tubricella Porro, 1838) | | xe TT |PUPILLIDAE ___|_-Pupoides albilabris (CB. Adams. 1841) | | | Xx | TT | STROBILOPSIDAE _ | Strobilopsaeneus Pilsbry, 1926 | | XT X* | TX P| Strobitops tabyrinthicus(Say.1817) | | TX P| tStrobitops texasianus Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906 | | | X | TT | VALLONIDAE __|_Valllonia excentrica Sterki 1893 | | | x | xX |X | VERTIGINIDAE __|_Gastrocopta armifera (Say. 1821) | | | x*# | po Gastrocopta contracta (Say. 1822) | X | dT X |X | CX Pp Gastrocopta corticaria Say, 1816) | ET x | po Gastrocopta pentodon (Say. 1821) | EX |X Pp Gastrocopta procera Gould, 1840) | TT x | x po Gastrocopta tappaniana (CB. Adams, 1842) | X | | x | x* | x* | x* | po Vertigo mitium Gould, 1840) | x | po Vertigo ovata Say, 1822 | xe Tx xe xe P| Vertigo pygmaea Draparnaud, 1801) | | HAPLOTREMATIDAE _| Haplotrema concavum (Say, 1821) | |PUNCTIDAE | t!Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) | po Punctum minutissimum (Lea, 1841) | po FPunctum smithi Mortison, 1935 | po Punctum vitreum (AB. Baker, 1930) | po tn guispira fergusoni (Bland, 1861) |X pt Discus rotundatus (Miller, 1774) |X po Lwcitia scintitia (RT Lowe, 1852) |

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BANISTERIA

Table 1 (continued).

| | cH | PG | AR | CA | FA |

NO. 43, 2014

po tStenotrema barbatum Clapp. 1904) a a P| Trindop sis juxtidens (Pilsbry, 1894) Se i P| Xolotrema denotatum (Pérussac, 1821) Bie ew

native) added to the regional fauna since the work of Richards (1934). Thirty-four species were found only on the Coastal Plain as opposed to five only in the Piedmont. A total of 22 species was found only in dry to mesic upland forests, 12 only in open or forested wetlands, eight only in dry to mesic open areas, and 22 were found in more than one habitat type. Seven species (10.9%) were documented only by the presence of shells. The half life of empty shells in habitats similar to these can extend up to 11.5 years (Pearce, 2008b), suggesting recent occurrences. Fifteen species were found in the District of Columbia, 51 in Maryland (49 Prince Georges Co., 13 Charles Co.), and 56 in Virginia (19 Arlington Co., 19 City of Alexandria, 50 Fairfax Co.). Most of the new county records are probably not an indication of recent range extensions but more likely further evidence that distributions of land snails are poorly known. The historic forts and Endicott batteries at Fort Washington and Fort Hunt proved to be especially important sites for land snail species richness. The now crumbling calcareous mortar and concrete that was used to construct these sites seemed to create ideal habitat for snails preferring calcareous, mesic to xeric, open areas, while the developing, thin, soil layer over the concrete basal areas, often covered by thin leaf litter proved to be a favored habitat for many species of snails. The calcareous shell marl ravine forests of Fort Washington and Piscataway parks contained a noticeably higher density of land snails than the more acidic woodlands on the Virginia side of the Potomac, not surprisingly

) ee as Ea pst as | Pel a ee aT

since snails are known to be more abundant and diverse in calcium-rich areas (Hotopp, 2002).

Several species reported here involve challenging identifications and for some the taxonomy is uncertain. Smaller zonitid, pristilomatid, and euconulid snails in genera such as Glyphyalinia, Hawaiia, and Euconulus possess shells that are notoriously difficult to identify. Identification of many succineid snails requires genetic analysis (Hoagland & Davis, 1987), which was not performed. The material collected during this study will serve as a baseline for future investigations into the land snail fauna of areas along the Potomac River near the District of Columbia.

LIST OF SPECIES CAENOGASTROPODA POMATIOPSIDAE

Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say, 1817) — (DM, FW [Swan Creek {SC} floodplain], JP, LH, PP [Bull Cove {BC} marsh, Accokeek Creek {AC} swamp, Wharf Road {WR} swamp], RI, RR). This is a common amphibious snail of tidal marshes, swamps, and creek banks on the Coastal Plain. It was generally found under moist logs within these habitats but one live snail was captured on 14 April 2010 in a pitfall trap in second growth woodland 25 m from the shore of Little Hunting Creek. Live animals were observed between 14 April and 18 October 2010 and as early as 19 February 2011. It was

STEURY & PEARCE: LAND SNAILS 7

commonly associated with Carychium exiguum and Catinella vermeta. Orstan & Pearce (2011) also recently reported it from the southern shore of Oxon Cove in Prince Georges County, Maryland. DeWitt (1952) reported this species from “Fox’s Ferry,” present day Oxon Cove.

PULMONATA ELLOBIIDAE

Carychium exiguum (Say, 1822) — (DM, FW [SC floodplain], JP, LH, PP [BC, WR swamp], RR. This snail was found only in tidal Coastal Plain wetlands, under moist vegetative debris in swamps, and along marsh edges and creek banks. Live animals were observed between 18 April and 18 October 2010 and as early as 19 February 2011. On 17 July 2010, live animals were found under a moist log 0.7 m x 0.3 m at the edge of fringe marsh along Swan Creek. Also under this log were associated species Gastrocopta contracta, P. lapidaria, Strobilops aeneus, Ventridens ligera, Vertigo milium, and Zonitoides arboreus.

Carychium exile I. Lea, 1842 — (FW [Battery Emory {BE}, shell marl ravine forest {SM}], PP [SM], TR). This is an uncommon but locally abundant snail within the study area. It was found at four shady, deciduous forested sites, with seasonally moist leaf litter, on talus slopes, in upland second growth woodland, and mature forested ravines, in both the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. A common associate was Punctum minutissinum. A well-sorted leaf litter sample measuring 15.3 | collected on 4 August 2010, from forested talus slopes in Turkey Run Park contained at least 152 C. exile, 141 P. minutissimum, 17 G. contracta, 17 Euconulus fulvus, five Z. arboreus, three Punctum vitreum, one Glyphyalinia indentata, one Punctum smithi, one Stenotrema barbatum, and one V. ligera. Live animals were observed between 2 June and 17 October 2010. Live animals observed 4 August 2010, included juveniles of 2.5 whorls.

SUCCINEIDAE

The taxonomy of this family is not well understood and the taxon concepts presented below are based largely on those of previous studies (Grimm, 1971a; Hubricht, 1985) in the vicinity of Washington, DC. In addition to the four taxa discussed below, other species may be present in our area but could not be assigned to any known described species. Images of live animals and a comparison of shell characters are presented in Figs. 1-5.

Catinella vermeta (Say, 1829) — (DM, JP, LH, PP). This snail was found at four wetland sites on the Coastal Plain. It was common at one site in Dyke Marsh under logs in freshwater, tidal, Typha angustifolia marsh on 14 April 2010. One live animal was observed in freshwater, tidal, fringe marsh along Little Hunting Creek on 3 June 2010. Fourteen C. vermeta were found under woody debris on a tidal shore of Jones Point on 8 April 2010 and the species was observed there again on 15 June 2011. A small population was found under woody debris in freshwater, tidal, swamp forest along Piscataway Creek on 19 February 2011. Although 23 species of Catinella have been reported from the United States (Perez & Cordeiro, 2008), only three of these, C. hubrichti Grimm, C. oklahomarum (Webb), and C. vermeta have been documented from Virginia or Maryland (Hubricht, 1985; Perez & Cordeiro, 2008). Grimm (1960) provided a comparison of these three species showing a more pronounced spire in C. vermeta due to an additional whorl. According to Hubricht (1985), C. hubrichti is a snail of brackish marshes that climbs marsh vegetation and C. oklahomarum is found in upland pine woods. The only Catinella found during this survey was the higher spired, freshwater, wetland species, which was never observed climbing vegetation, and thus we attribute it to C. vermeta (Fig. 2).

Novisuccinea ovalis (Say, 1817) — (TR). On 17 June 2010, 34 live N. ovalis were found at Turkey Run Park spread over an area of 9 by 9 m located on a sandy floodplain 25 m from the bank of the Potomac River under the canopy of a large Juglans nigra L. Twelve snails were observed climbing the herb Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell, nine were on Asarum canadense L., and five on Geranium maculatum L. Two were observed climbing the woody vine Menisperum canadense L. and six were observed on the woody shrub Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume. Associated snails at this site were V. ligera, climbing Asarum canadense, and Mesodon thyroidus, climbing Lindera benzoin. Pilsbry’s (1948) description of this species as “larger and more inflated than any other (succineid) of the region” clearly diagnoses this species. Although the coloration of the animal is variable (see Pilsbry, 1948, Fig. 430a and 430b), the animals observed in this population (Fig. 3) were of a uniform pale color as shown in Pilsbry’s Fig. 430a.

Oxyloma cf. effusum (Pfeiffer, 1853) — (DM, FW [SC fringe marsh], JP, LH, PP [BC, Accokeek Marsh], RI). This is the most common succineid found within the survey area. It occurred only in freshwater, tidal, T. angustifolia marshes and surrounding swamps where it

8 BANISTERIA

Fig. 1. From left to right: shells of Novisuccinea ovalis (Turkey Run Park, 17 June 2010; 18.2 mm), Oxyloma cf. effusa (Dyke Marsh, 9 September 2010; 18 mm), Oxyloma cf. subeffusa (Theodore Roosevelt Island, 15 June 2011; 11.5 mm), and Catinella vermeta (Dyke Marsh, 14 April 2010; 7.8 mm). Hash marks are in mm.

Fig. 2. Catinella vermeta, Jones Point Park, City of Alexandria, Virginia, 15 June 2011.

~.

Fig. 3. Novisuccinea ovalis, Turkey Run Park, Fairfax County, Virginia, 17 June 2010.

was easily found climbing high on the leaves and stems of Typha and Sagittaria, or under woody debris during cooler months. Live animals were observed between 14 April and 18 October 2010 and on 17 March 2011. Eggs probably hatch in late August or early September since a live animal with a 1.3 mm shell was collected

NO. 43, 2014

Fig. 4. Oxyloma cf. effusa, Dyke Marsh, Fairfax County, Virginia, 15 June 2011.

Fig. 5. Oxyloma cf. subeffusa, Theodore Roosevelt Island, District of Columbia, 15 June 2011.

on 9 September 2010. Descriptions of O. effusum and its habits by Grimm (1971a) fit well with observations of this species (Fig. 4) in the study area. Perez & Cordeiro (2008) reported 16 species of Oxyloma from the United States, including two (O. effusum and O. subeffusm Pilsbry) from Maryland and Virginia. Their inclusion of O. retusum (I. Lea) for Virginia is probably based in error on Hubricht’s (1985) record from bordering Pendleton County, West Virginia. This is a wide-ranging species north of Virginia, extending across the northern tier of states west to California, and south to New Mexico, southern Illinois, and West Virginia, whereas O. effusum is a species of the Atlantic Coast from New Jersey to Florida (Hubricht, 1985; Perez & Cordeiro, 2008). Grimm (1971a) stated that records of O. decampi gouldi Pilsbry (synonymized with O. retusum by Hubricht, 1985, as suggested by Grimm, 197la) from Maryland were based on misidentifications of O. subeffusm or Catinella hubrichti Grimm. To further complicate matters, Grimm (1981) suggested O. d. gouldi is equivalent to O. verrilli (Bland), a species Hubricht (1985) synonymized with O. groenlandica (Moller), which is

STEURY & PEARCE: LAND SNAILS 9

known from Iceland, Greenland, and Canada. Orstan (2010) stated “some uncertainty” about his record of O. retusum from Montgomery County, Maryland, 64.4 km north of Dyke Marsh. Although there are some similarities in the Montgomery County and Dyke Marsh Oxyloma populations (both apparently hatch young in late August or early September), there were also notable differences (the longest shell of any animal measured from Montgomery County was 14 mm and the longest shell found by September was 9 mm, while at Dyke Marsh, shells as long as 18 mm were observed in September). Pilsbry (1948) listed a maximum length of 16.3 mm for O. retusum and 19.5 mm for O. effusum. We believe all Oxyloma found in the survey area are best attributed to O. effusum based primarily on previously documented ranges (Hubricht, 1985) and shell length. Additionally, the broader aperture shape of Dyke Marsh Oxyloma more closely approximate Pilsbry’s (1948) Fig. 423d of O. effusum from New Jersey than it does the narrower aperture of O. retusum from Illinois in Fig. 421a. A detailed genetic analysis of Oxyloma from the District of Columbia area is warranted.

Oxyloma cf. subeffusa Pilsbry, 1948 — (RI). This snail was observed only on Theodore Roosevelt Island on 24 March and 15 June 2011, scattered under moist woody debris in a tidal swamp and moist woodland between a small marsh and the Potomac River. Although Grimm (1971a) described the ground color of O. subeffusa as pale gray, Pilsbry’s (1948) description of its ground color as very pale gray or faintly yellowish better describes the specimens from Theodore Roosevelt Island. The form, color, and size of the shell, and the pattern and color of our material (Fig. 5), match exactly Fig. 418a of Pilsbry (1948). Both Grimm (1971a) and Hubricht (1985) mentioned that O. subeffusa does not climb vegetation, which is _ consistent with our observations. O. subeffusa is a globally rare (G3) snail found only along the Atlantic Coast from southern Virginia to New Jersey (Hubricht, 1985). It is ranked as an S1 “extremely rare and critically imperiled” species in Virginia (Roble, 2013). Pilsbry (1948) mentioned a collection from Washington, DC without citing a specific locality. Theodore Roosevelt Island would be the westernmost site known in the distribution of O. subeffusa.

The only other succineid species previously reported for Maryland and Virginia are Succinea campestris Say, a species associated with dry, beach dune grasses, and S. wilsoni I. Lea, a high-spired species of brackish marshes. Additionally, S. indiana Pilsbry, a species of dry, sunny, bare ground, has been

recorded from Maryland, but not Virginia. Non- indigenous succineid species, such as Oxyloma salleana (Pfeiffer) from the Mississippi River drainage or the European Succinea putris (L.) which has been reported from sites as near as northern Pennsylvania (Pearce, 2008a), potentially could also occur in the survey area. Reports of the federally threatened Novisuccinea chittenangoensis (Pilsbry) from southwestern Virginia, in Tazewell County, by Hubricht (1985) and cited by Perez & Cordeiro (2008) were refuted by Hoagland & Davis (1987) and upheld by Niver (2010).

CIONELLIDAE

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller, 1774) — (FW [Battery Humphries {BH}, Battery Wilkin {BW}], JP, OC). Live snails were found between 17 April and 15 June in dry to seasonally mesic, sunny, open locations with little or no vegetation on thin calcareous soils over concrete and often under shallow leaf litter and rarely on moist tidal shores. The two Cochlicopa species found during this inventory have been shown to be distinct in Europe based on allozyme patterns and shell variables (Armbruster and Schlegel, 1994; Armbruster, 1995). Until North American forms are similarly studied, we accept the separation proposed by Armbruster (1995) of mature shells with a maximum shell diameter < 2.2 mm to be C. lubricella and shells with a diameter > 2.3 mm to be C. lubrica. A shell was found in a mouse nest on a capped landfill on the northern shore of Oxon Cove, a few meters from the District of Columbia line. The Oxon Cove and Jones Point shells were larger (5.9-6.2 mm long, 2.6-2.7 mm wide) than any shell found at Fort Washington (largest 5.1 mm long, 2.4 mm wide). Grimm (1971a) stated that this species is synanthropic east of Garrett County, Maryland.

Cochlicopa lubricella (Porro, 1838) — (FW [BW)). Shells were found only at Battery Wilkin in association with the more common C. lubrica.

PUPILLIDAE

Pupoides albilabris (C.B. Adams, 1841) — (FW [BE, Battery Meigs {BM}, BW, Fort Washington {fw}]). This snail was observed only on the Coastal Plain where it preferred dry to seasonally mesic, sunny, open locations with little or no vegetation on thin circumneutral soils over concrete and often under shallow leaf litter. It was common only at Battery Wilkin (live snails on 17 July 2010), uncommon at Battery Meigs, and rare at Fort Washington and Battery

10 BANISTERIA

Emory. Shells found at Battery Emory were in shady, second growth forest.

STROBILOPSIDAE

Strobilops aeneus Pilsbry, 1926 — (DM, FW [BE, BW, SC floodplain forest], GF, LH, PP [AC swamp, SM], TR). This was a common snail within the survey area generally found under loose bark of fallen trees in woodlands or swamps, but also occasionally found in leaf litter. Shells were rarely found at dry, open sites. Live snails were observed between 5 March and 13 November.

Strobilops labyrinthicus (Say, 1817) — (LH). The lone animal was found on 3 June 2010 in a moist log on the bank of Little Hunting Creek in association with S. aeneus. Hubricht (1985) recorded it mostly from western Virginia, and Grimm (1971a) documented it in Maryland only from three northwestern counties, but Norden (2008a) added Montgomery County. It is likely rare on the Virginia Coastal Plain.

Strobilops texasianus Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906 — (FW [BM, BW]). This is a rare snail in the survey area (only shell material was found), recorded only on the Coastal Plain at dry, open sites associated with historic Endicott batteries and forts. The shell sculpture differences between S. texasiana and S. labyrinthicus are subtle. Pilsbry (1948) separated them by the coarseness of the ribbing, calling S. labyrinthicus “finely ribbed” and S. texasiana “coarsely ribbed,” and noted that S. labyrinthicus matures at 1.7-1.8 mm high while S. texasiana may be as high as 2.0 mm. Burch (1962) was slightly more specific, and referred to ribbing on the base of the shell as “absent or poorly developed” in S. labyrinthicus and “well developed” in S. texasiana. Our specimen of S. labyrinthicus measured 1.8 mm high and had 41 ribs on the base that became almost obsolete near the aperture, while our most characteristic S. texasiana specimen was 1.9 mm high, had 31 ribs on the base, and possessed noticeably higher ribs on the spire.

VALLONIIDAE

Vallonia excentrica Sterki, 1893 — (FH, FW [BH, BM, BW, fw], RR). This is a locally common snail typically found in dry to mesic, open, grassy, sometimes mossy, sites on the Coastal Plain along the base of concrete or mortared walls of historic forts and batteries. It was the most commonly observed snail at the base of the walls of Fort Washington. A shell was found at the edge of a

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marsh at Roaches Run. Live snails were observed only on 17 April 2010.

VERTIGINIDAE

Gastrocopta armifera (Say, 1821) — (FW [BW, fw)]). This is the largest of the Gastrocopta species found during the survey. It occurred at only two sites (both on the Coastal Plain) in dry to seasonally mesic, sunny, open locations with little or no vegetation, except turf grass or moss, on thin calcareous soils, often over concrete and under shallow leaf litter. Live snails were found between 17 April and 17 July 2010.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say, 1822) — (DM, FF, FH, FW [BE, BM, Battery Smith {BS}, BW, fw, SC floodplain forest, SM,], Gulf Branch [GB], GF, RI, TR). This is by far the most common Gastrocopta species documented within the study area. It was found at nearly every site and in a wide variety of habitats from dry, sunny, open sites, to leaf litter in shady ravine forests, and under loose bark of logs in swamps, on both the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Live animals were observed between 17 April and 7 October 2010.

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say, 1816) — (FW [BE, fw)]). This was the rarest Gastrocopta within the survey area, documented only by two shells. Both were found at calcareous Coastal Plain sites created by the presence of forts or Endicott batteries constructed between 1824 and 1903. Typically thought of as a forest species found on logs or tree trunks, the presence of a shell at the base of a wall of Fort Washington, an open, dry to mesic, calcareous, area surround by turf grass, is uncharacteristic for this species (Norden, 2007), which may indicate that it was moved to this location.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say, 1821) — (FH [Battery Robinson {BR}, Battery Sater {BSa}], FW [BE, BW]). This snail was uncommon but locally abundant. Typical habitat included dry, open, sunny sites such as Battery Robinson, which was completed in 1904. Live snails were observed between 18 July and 17 October 2010. Some forms of the shell of this species can closely approximate those of G. tappaniana. The methods of Pearce et al. (2007) and Nekola & Coles (2010) were used to distinguish between them. However, within the survey area, G. pentodon was found only in dry to mesic upland habitats, and resembled G. p. form gracilis Sterki of Vanatta & Pilsbry (1906), which has five teeth and is subcylindric, whereas G. tappaniana was typically found in wetlands, is broader, and always has more than five teeth.

STEURY & PEARCE: LAND SNAILS 11

Gastrocopta procera (Gould, 1840) — (FH [BSa], (FW [BH, BM, BW, fw]). This species was found only in association with forts and batteries on the Coastal Plain and always in low abundance. It was most common at Battery Humphries where three shells were found. Live snails were observed between 17 April and 16 June 2010, climbing on concrete and mortared stone walls.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (C.B. Adams, 1842) — (DM swamp, FW [BW], JP, LH, PP [AC swamp, WR swamp], RI, RR). This species was uncommon within the survey area, generally found under moist logs in swamps on the Coastal Plain, however two shells were found at a dry upland site at Battery Wilkin. Live snails were found between 19 February and 7 October. For identification notes, see G. pentodon. Juveniles with developing dentition were found on 7 October 2010 in Dyke Marsh Swamp. The angulo-parietal and columellar lamellae are the first to form in this species. It was associated with Vertigo ovata at Dyke Marsh.

Vertigo milium (Gould, 1840) — (FW [BE, BM, BW, SC floodplain], PP [WR swamp]). This tiny snail was found in a variety of Coastal Plain habitats, including second growth woodland, dry, open sites, swamps, and shores. It was most common in second growth woodland at Battery Emory where 68 shells and a few live animals were found on 17 October 2010 in a leaf litter sample measuring 17.85 1.

Vertigo ovata Say, 1822 — (DM, JP, PP [BC]), RR). Live specimens were found under loose bark of rotting, fallen trees, under wood debris, climbing moist, shaded, fallen logs, and in wet leaf litter. Collection dates ranged from 17 March to 7 October.

Vertigo pygmaea (Draparnaud, 1801) — (FH [BSa], FW [BM, BW]). This species was found (mostly as shells)

only on the Coastal Plain at dry, open Endicott battery sites. A live immature snail was found in Fort Hunt Park at Battery Sater on 16 June 2010.

HAPLOTREMATIDAE

Haplotrema concavum (Say, 1821) — (Claude Moore Farm, FW [BE, SM], GF, PP, TR). This uncommon, omnivorous snail was found at both Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites but was most numerous in shell marl ravine forest on the Coastal Plain, where the only live animal was found on 19 September 2010 under a rotting log.

PUNCTIDAE

Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) — (JP) (Fig. 6). During 1.5 hours of search effort on 17 March 2011, 23 live snails and eight shells were found under woody debris deposited by storm tides along the western shore of Jones Point. Associated species included C. exiguum, C. vermeta, Deroceras laeve, Deroceras reticulatum, P. lapidaria, and V. ligera. This species is native to New Zealand (Brooks, 1999) and possibly Australia (Price & Webb, 2006) but has been introduced to North and South America, Europe, and the Pacific Islands. In western North America it was long mistaken as a native species described as Punctum conspectum (Bland) (Pilsbry, 1948). It is easily distinguished from the Punctum species in the survey area by its larger size (almost twice the diameter) and higher, more irregularly spaced ribs on the last whorl. This is the first record for Virginia and to our knowledge the first published record for the eastern United States (Dundee, 1974; Robinson & Slapcinsky, 2005; Perez & Cordeiro, 2008). It was also recently collected in Washington, DC outside the study area (CMNH 121988, “across street from 4100 Cathedral Ave.”, Pearce, 8 March 2012).

|

Fig. 6. Paralaoma servilis. Left to right: Live specimen, 17 March 2011, Jones Point Park, City of Alexandria, Virginia; dorsal view of empty shell; ventral view of empty shell. Hash marks are in mm.

12 BANISTERIA

Fig. 7. Punctum species found in the study area from left to right, P. minutissimum (Fairfax County, VA, Turkey Run Park, 4 August 2010), P. smithi (Prince Georges County, MD, Fort Washington, 19 June 2010), and P. vitreum (Prince Georges County, MD, Fort Washington, 17 October 2010).

Punctum minutissimum (1. Lea, 1841) — (FW [BE, SM], GF, PH, PP, TR). This is probably a very common snail in the survey area but due to its minute size it was detected only in moist leaf litter samples from deciduous woodlands on both the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Live animals were observed on 19 June and 4 August 2010 and 17 March 2011. The three Punctum species found during this survey are fairly distinctive when compared side by side (Fig. 7). P. smithi is the smallest at maturity, possesses at least one lamella on the base inside the aperture, and has the palest and most transparent shell. P. minutissimum lacks lamellae and has closely spaced and regularly occurring riblets of equal height, and P. vitreum is the darkest in life and possesses higher major riblets interspaced with 4 to 8 minor riblets.

Punctum smithi Morrison, 1935 — (FW [BE, SM], GF, PP [SM], TR). The habitat and distribution of this species were the same as for P. minutissimum but it was slightly more common in shell marl forest on the Coastal Plain than in the Piedmont. It was also found on hummocks in Great Falls Swamp. These two species were often found together, but rarely in equal numbers (e.g., Fort Washington Park leaf litter sample: 124 P. smithi, 4 P. minutissimum,; Turkey Run Park leaf litter sample: 141 P. minutissimum, 1 P. smithi). Live animals were observed on 19 June and 4 August 2010.

A previously undescribed growth form (Fig. 8) was found at three sites in Fort Washington Park occurring with typical P. smithi. It is easily distinguished from typical P. smithi by possessing two lamellae within the aperture, one at the normal position and a more interior one. Although variation in the dentition of P. smithi has been noted (Hubricht, 1951), it has been in reference to the length and shape of a single basal lamella rather than the number of lamellae. The type description for

NO. 43, 2014

Fig. 8. Punctum smithi, form with two lamellae, found at three sites in Ft. Washington Park, Prince Georges County, Maryland. Arrows indicate locations of two lamellae.

this species (Morrison, 1935), and others since that time (Pilsbry, 1948; Burch, 1962; Hubricht, 1974), mention only one basal lamella just inside the aperture. Collections of P. smithi at Fort Washington Park indicate that 5.8% of the population is the bidentate form.

Punctum vitreum (H.B. Baker, 1930) — (FW [BE], PP [SM], TR). This was the least common of the Punctum species in the survey area. It was more common on the Coastal Plain but found at only 3 forested sites in leaf litter. Live animals were observed on 17 October and 13 November 2010. In the Piedmont, it was represented by 3 empty shells found in leaf litter from forested talus slopes in Turkey Run Park.

DISCIDAE

Anguispira alternata (Say, 1816) — FW [BE, BS, Battery White {BWh}, fw, SM], GF, PP, RI). Found at most woodland sites in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain sections of the survey area and also in dry, open areas at historic batteries. It was most common in shell marl ravine forest in Fort Washington Park. All of the shells within the survey area have a low spire and angular periphery characteristic of Pilsbry’s (1948) form angulata. By comparison, Norden (2008a) reported that only 40% of A. alternata shells on Plummers Island, Maryland, on the opposite shore from the study area, exhibited an angular periphery. Animals of this species have orange mucus.

STEURY & PEARCE: LAND SNAILS 13

Anguispira fergusoni (Bland, 1861) — (GF, PH, PP, RI, TR). Surprisingly, this species was scarcer on the Coastal Plain than in the Piedmont area of the survey. Hubricht (1985) asserted that A. fergusoni is an inhabitant of the Atlantic Coastal Plain that has followed floodplains up into the Piedmont region. Pilsbry (1948) described it as being found on the Coastal Plain but as being most common at or near the Fall Line. The only Coastal Plain animals found during this survey were on Theodore Roosevelt Island, just below the Fall Line, on 31 March 2010, and in shell marl ravine forest in Piscataway Park, where it was associated with the typically montane species Xolotrema denotatum. It was much more common in the Piedmont, in shady, oak dominated woodland, usually under stones or fallen limbs. On 22 June 2010, one snail in Great Falls Park was found climbing the trunk of Carpinus caroliniana Walt. to 3 m along the River Trail south of Sandy Landing. The periphery of this shell is rounded and the mucus is clear.

Discus rotundatus (Miller, 1774) — (OC). This introduced European snail was documented only on a landfill at Oxon Cove in the District of Columbia (Steury & Steury, 2011). Three shells and 51 live snails were found.

HELICODISCIDAE

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say, 1817) — (FH, FW [BE, BWh, fw, SM], GF, LH , PH, PP [AC swamp, SM], RI). This species was widespread but uncommon in the study area. The most shells found at one site was seven in a 13.77 | leaf litter sample from shell marl forest in Fort Washington Park. It seems to be a_ habitat generalist occurring in forests, swamp hummocks, and drier, open sites, under bark, and in leaf litter. Live animals were observed between 16 June and 17 October 2010 and on 5 March 2011.

Lucilla scintilla (R.T. Lowe, 1852) — (FH, PP [SM]). Lucilla inermis H.B. Baker was recently synonymized with L. scintilla (Horsak et al., 2009). This was a rare snail in the survey area, represented only by single shells found at Battery Sater in Fort Hunt Park and in mature shell marl ravine forest along Accokeek Creek in Piscataway Park. Hawatia minuscula is similar in appearance, but these species can be distinguished under magnification by differences in shell sculpture, (uneven, distinct, growth wrinkles in H. minuscula compared to the smooth, paraffin or porcelain-like surface of L. inermis, which may have a few growth wrinkles near the aperture). We used Horsak et al. (2009) to distinguish L. scintilla from L. singleyana

(Pilsbry), which has been documented from near the study area.

GASTRODONTIDAE

Striatura meridionalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906) — (FW [BE], GF, PP [SM], TR). This was a widespread but uncommon snail found at four sites in leaf litter of deciduous woods and also on hummocks in Great Falls Swamp.

Striatura milium (E.S. Morse, 1859) — (GF, TR). This snail was found only in the Piedmont section of the survey area in leaf litter in deciduous forested ravines. It is rare (SIS3) in the Commonwealth (Roble, 2013). These sites are near the southernmost known for this species. Live snails were observed on 19 September 2010. The embryonic whorl of S. milium lacks the spiral lirae of S. meridionalis.

Ventridens ligera (Say, 1821) — (DI, DM, FF, FW [BE, BH, BM, BS, BW, BWh, fw, SC floodplain, SM,], GF, JP, LH, OC, PH, PP, RI, TR). This snail and Zonitoides arboreus are the most easily found snails within the survey area. It occurred at most upland sites in both moist and dry situations, and rarely in wetlands. One individual was found at the top of a Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad., 80 cm above the sandy substrate, at Sandy Landing, in Great Falls Park.

Ventridens suppressus (Say, 1829) — (FH, FW [BE, BM, BW, fw], GF, LH, PH, TR). This was a widespread but uncommon snail within the survey area. Solitary individuals were typically found at the base of large rocky outcrops or boulders in deciduous woods, but an aggregation of 21 shells and nine live animals was found at Battery Wilkin, a dry open site, on 17 April 2010. Eight of these shells were adults with one denticle and 22 were multi-denticled juveniles. A live snail was also found on a hummock in Great Falls Swamp. Live snails were observed between 17 April and 19 September 2010. Ventridens virginicus (Vanatta), a similar species that has been reported from just west of the survey area, differs from V. suppressus in having two denticles at maturity, one (usually bifid) along the columellar margin and the other lamella relatively high on the palatal margin. At maturity, V. suppressus has one uncleaved denticle located at the base of the columellar margin, and subadults have a lamella relatively low on the palatal margin. There was no evidence of V. virginicus within the survey area.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1816) — (DM, FF, FH, FW [BE, BM, BW, BS, fw, SM, SC floodplain], GB, GF,

14 BANISTERIA

—

Fig. 9. Zonitoides nitidus, live specimen, 17 March 2011, Jones Point Park, City of Alexandria, Virginia.

JP, LH, PH, PP, RI, TR). This is the most commonly observed snail within the survey area. It is found in all habitats (deciduous forests, swamps, and dry open sites) under logs, loose bark, and in leaf litter, but it is probably most common in upland deciduous woods.

Zonitoides nitidus (Miller, 1774) — (DI, JP, PP [WR floodplain forest]). This snail (Fig. 9) was found at three sites during the survey, including a live adult and two live juveniles found on 28 July 2010 along the bank of the Potomac River under woody storm debris left by high tides near a small freshwater marsh on Daingerfield Island. On 19 February and 17 March 2011, it was found in very similar habitat near Wharf Road at Piscataway Park and at Jones Point, respectively. Other records of this snail along the Potomac River, from the northwest, are limited to Garrett County, Maryland, a distance of 273 km. Richards (1934) reported a collection from Baltimore, 64 km northward. The largest shell measured 6.7 mm at the largest diameter. In comparison to Z. arboreus, Z. nitidus is larger at maturity (6-7 mm), has a higher Spire, possesses a more convex base and rounder aperture, and lacks spiral striation on the shell. In life, Z. nitidus is darker, and the shell is more transparent and amber colored. This is the first record for Virginia and the Maryland site is the southernmost record for the East Coast of North America.

EUCONULIDAE

Euconulus dentatus (Sterki, 1893) — (FH [BR], GF). This snail was found at only two sites, including a dry Open site on the Coastal Plain (1 shell) and a small colony on 15 September 2010 in the Piedmont in moist leaf litter near the mouth of an unnamed drainage leading to Difficult Run. This species is_ easily

NO. 43, 2014

distinguished from the next two, by possessing a few, low lamellae, elongate in a radial direction, in the base of the last whorl.

Euconulus fulvus (Miller, 1774) — (TR). This species was found only in leaf litter on a forested talus slope in the Piedmont, the easternmost known locality in Virginia. J. Slapcinsky identified these specimens through comparisons with material at FLMNH, noting the larger and relatively flatter, more loosely coiled species as E. fulvus. A genetic study of Euconulus is desirable because the shells and genitalia are relatively simple and their small size makes detailed anatomical work difficult.

Euconulus polygyratus (Pilsbry, 1899) — (FW [SM], GF, PP [SM]). This species was found in both the Piedmont and Coastal Plain at a total of three sites. All collections were from leaf litter, including two sites in shady, deciduous forested ravines. At Great Falls it occurred in association with FE. dentatus. Three additional lots of E. polygyratus from Fairfax County were found at FLMNH (299067 & 299088; Popes Head Road at Popes Head Creek and Occoquan Regional Park, both J. Slapcinsky) and CMNH (85289; Mt. Vernon, G.H. Clapp).

Hubricht (1985) and Perez & Cordeiro (2008) did not list FE. polygyratus from Virginia, but Beetle (1973), without citing specific specimens or localities, recorded this species from Alleghany and Pulaski counties. Specimens identified as Euconulus chersinus (Say), a species with shell morphology very similar to that of E. polygyratus, were located at FMNH, collected by L. Hubricht between 1945 and 1972 from western (Giles Co.) and southern (Pittsylvania and Sussex counties), Virginia. However, these records did not appear in the mapped distribution of this species he compiled (Hubricht, 1985). In that paper, Hubricht placed more than 440 km between his records of E. polygyratus in Frederick County, Maryland, and EF. chersinus and E. trochulus (Reinhardt) in northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia, respectively.

Guppya sterkii (Dall, 1888) — (FW [SM], PP [SM]). This minute species was represented within the survey area by one live snail collected from leaf litter on the north side of Fort Washington Park on 17 October 2010 and by five live animals found along Accokeek Creek on 30 April 2011.

ZONITIDAE

Glyphyalinia indentata complex (Authors) — (FW [BE, BH, SM], GF, LH, PH, PP, RR). This species complex

STEURY & PEARCE: LAND SNAILS 15

was found throughout the survey area (all shells except one live snail on 24 August 2010) in upland leaf litter or under rotting logs, but not in high abundance. Two shells were found on hummocks in Great Falls Swamp. In dry to mesic, upland, shell marl forest in Piscataway Park, shells with forms attributable to this group ranged in color from transparent pinkish or pale brown, to clear (when young), to opaque and yellowish brown. The degree of spiral striation was also variable. This taxon complex is actually a series of undescribed anatomical species, with few or no shell differences (Hubricht, 1985). Of Glyphyalinia species having a minute umbilicus, G. cryptomphala can be separated by having a tongue-shaped callus covering the umbilicus. Five species (G. junaluskana [Clench & Banks], G. sculptilis [Bland], G. pecki Hubricht, G. picea Hubricht, and G. latebricola Hubricht) can be separated by having more numerous radiating grooves, 43-82 grooves on the last whorl. Glyphyalinia luticola, with 20 grooves on the last whorl, can be separated from the remaining species by shell color and habitat. We group the remaining six species, with 26-38 grooves on the last whorl, in the G. indentata complex (G. carolinensis [Cockerell], G. indentata [Say], G. ocoae Hubricht, G. praecox [H.B. Baker], G. rimula Hubricht, and G. umbilicata [Cockerell]). Three of these species (G. carolinensis, G. indentata, and G. praecox) have been reported from the vicinity of Washington, DC. In addition, any similar- looking undescribed species mentioned by Hubricht (1985) would be in this complex.

Glyphyalinia cf. luticola Hubricht, 1966 — (DM, PP). Shells were found in both cat-tail marsh and the surrounding swamp forests and a live animal was found in floodplain swamp along Piscataway Creek on 19 February 2011. This species was separated with difficulty from specimens in the G. indentata complex following the recommendations of Hubricht (1966) that shells found in marshes and swamps, with a coppery color and smaller umbilicus are G. luticola. The transverse grooves on the four specimens attributable to G. luticola were more widely spaced at nearly four whorls, especially near the aperture, than in G. indentata from upland sites.

Glyphyalinia cryptomphala (Clapp, 1915) — (FW [BM], TR). One shell was found at each of two sites in the survey area, in deciduous forest and a dry, open site. At maturity, this species is distinguished from G. indentata by its closed umbilicus, or a tongue-shaped, calcareous flap over the umbilicus. We follow Turgeon et al. (1998) in treating Glyphyalinia solida (H.B. Baker) as a synonym of G. cryptomphala.

Glyphyalinia wheatleyi (Bland, 1883) — (FW [SM], GF, PP [SM], TR). This species was regularly found in low numbers in leaf litter on the Coastal Plain and in the Piedmont. It was found alive on 19 September and 17 October 2010. Nesovitrea electrina (Gould), a similar species that reaches its southern Coastal Plain limits in northern Virginia but not recorded during this study, differs from G. wheatleyi in its smaller size at maturity (to 5.2 mm), preference for wetter habitats, smoother shell nearly lacking radial grooves, and especially by its rounder aperture.

OXY CHILIDAE

Oxychilus draparnaudi (Beck, 1837) — (JP, OC). This introduced European snail was found on a landfill site at the border of the District of Columbia and Prince Georges County (Steury & Steury, 2011). A live animal was found in the City of Alexandria on 8 April 2010 under a concrete slab.

PRISTILOMATIDAE

Hawaiia minuscula (A. Binney, 1841) — (DM swamp, FF, FH, FW [BE, BH, BM, BS, BW, fw], PP [SM, WR swamp]). This species was found only on the Coastal Plain, where it was most common at historic batteries and forts surrounded by turf grass. It was also found in historically similar areas with concrete or mortar that have succeeded to second growth woodland (Battery Emory) or even at sites that are now mature forest (where it was found in leaf litter) such as the rifle butts along the river trail at Fort Washington Park and shell marl ravine forest in Piscataway Park. It was the most common snail found at Fort Hunt Park. Live snails were observed between 17 April and 16 October 2010. Hubricht (1985) described its habitat as bare ground on floodplains, meadows, roadsides, and waste ground in urban areas, noting that he had never found it in leaf litter. However, Baker (1939) described its habitat as woodlands of oak, hickory, and sycamore. Within the study area, seven live snails with shell form and sculpture seemingly identical to H. minuscula were found in swamp habitats (under loose bark of a fallen tree in Dyke Marsh swamp on 18 October 2010, with Vertigo ovata, and on 5 March 2011, under loose bark in a remote swamp at Accokeek Creek). Both of these populations differed slightly in life (yellowish tan bodies visible through the transparent shell) from H. minuscula found in open’ grassy areas (shells occasionally tinted yellow instead of the more common transparent or opaque white color, but the paler animals give the transparent shells a whiter appearance). A shell

16 BANISTERIA

found in a swamp at Wharf Road was likely attributable to river drift. Shells from open grassy areas of juvenile animals up to 3.5 whorls are usually transparent and become opaque white at maturity or with shell aging after death. A more thorough examination of the swamp Hawaiia is warranted to determine whether habitat or diet could account for the different body coloration or if it may prove to be a different or new species.

LIMACIDAE

Ambigolimax valentiana (Férussac, 1823) — (Colling- wood Picnic Area, JP, RR). Five of these introduced slugs, native to the Iberian Peninsula of Europe and previously placed in the genus Lehmannia, were found after dark on the curb of a parking lot near the Potomac River on 11 June 2011. Three days later, a colony of nine slugs was found under moist debris in swamp forest and the next day, one slug was found in similar habitat at Jones Point. This species was previously unrecorded from any county in the survey area.

Limax maximus Linnaeus, 1758 — (DI, FW [SM], GF, JP, TR). This large introduced European slug was uncommon in the survey area. It was typically found in woodlands under logs.

MILACIDAE

Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) — (TR). Eleven of these introduced slugs native to the western Mediterranean and Canary Islands were found along the concrete base of an office building in Turkey Run Park on 19 June 2011.

AGRIOLIMACIDAE

Deroceras laeve (Miller, 1774) — (DM, JP, PP [WR swamp], RI, RR). This native slug occurred only in wetlands (e.g. under logs in a cat-tail marsh [9 September 2010; n = 2]; wet leaf litter in swamps [7 October 2010; n = 2]). It was found on the shore of Jones Point on 3 March 2011, and as early as 19 February, in swamps at Wharf Road.

Deroceras reticulatum (Miller, 1774) — (JP, PH). Thirteen of these introduced European slugs were found on the western shore of Jones Point under woody debris on 3 March 2011 and one was observed at a culvert outfall on the bank of the Potomac River along the Potomac Heritage Trail on 17 June 2011. The population at Jones Point is highly variable in color, ranging from a dark gray to a pale cream background with variable amounts of dark reticulations. When

NO. 43, 2014

disturbed, this slug secretes a milky mucus diagnostic for the species (McDonnell et al., 2009). This species was previously unrecorded from any county in the study area.

ARIONIDAE

Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819 — (DI). This introduced European slug was found under a log along a wooded bank of the Potomac River. This taxon concept was expanded by Davies (1979) to include three similar species (A. distinctus Mabille, A. hortensis, and A. owenii Davies). Pearce & Bayne (2003) determined the first two of these occur in the eastern United States. The key provided by McDonnell et al. (2009) suggests that the population on Daingerfield Island is A. hortensis, having sides below the lateral bands contrasting and pale, no break in right mantle band above the pneumostome, and tentacles that are faintly reddish rather than dark blue-black. Dissection of the larger of our two specimens, although immature, revealed two elongated structures (not fully developed) oriented perpendicular to the epiphallus duct, which is closer to the anatomy of the verge in A. hortensis than A. distinctus.

Arion intermedius (Normand, 1852) — (FW [SC floodplain], GF). This introduced European slug was found within the survey area at only two sites (one each in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain), including under a rotting log on a slope above Great Falls Swamp on 24 August 2010, and under logs along the bank of Swan Creek on 17 July 2010.

Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud, 1805) — (DI, FW [SM], GF, TR). This introduced European slug was the most commonly observed slug within the survey area, recorded at nearly every wooded site sampled, generally under logs or loose bark.

PHILOMYCIDAE

Megapallifera mutabilis (Hubricht, 1951) — (GF, TR). This uncommon slug was found only in the Piedmont section of the survey area, typically in rotting logs. It was observed between 21 April and 24 August 2010. Two entwined slugs were observed inside a standing rotting tree in Great Falls Swamp on 24 August 2010.

Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc, 1802) — (GF, PP). An uncommon but widespread slug within the survey area, it was observed at only four sites between 21 April and 13 November 2010, and on 5 March 2011, under rotting

STEURY & PEARCE: LAND SNAILS 17

logs or loose bark of fallen trees. A population in Johnson’s Gulley in Piscataway Park contained melanistic individuals.

POLYGYRIDAE

Mesodon thyroidus (Say, 1816) — (DM, FF, FH, FW [BE, BW, fw, SM, SC floodplain], GF, OC, PH, PP, RI, TR). This snail possesses the second largest shell of any species found within the survey area. It is a common and widespread species found at nearly every site, but is most common in calcareous woodlands such as shell marl forest. This species was commonly observed climbing the trunks of smooth barked trees such as Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal and Carpinus caroliniana Walter to a height of 2 m in mid-summer but was never observed climbing in the spring. A live animal was found under a log in Dyke Marsh on 9 September 2010. On 17 July 2010, one snail had climbed a Lindera benzoin to a height of 1 m and appeared to be feeding on a bird dropping on the middle of a leaf. Nearly all (98%) mature shells possessed a parietal denticle. The largest shell measured 26 mm at its widest diameter.

Neohelix albolabris (Say, 1816) — (GF). This was a very rare snail in the survey area, documented by only three live juveniles and three adult shells found in a forested ravine, under loose bark of a large fallen tree, near the center of Great Falls Park. This is the largest species in the survey area; the largest specimen measured 28 mm at its widest diameter. We believe that the snails from the N. albolabris group collected in the Piedmont are N. albolabris rather than its Coastal Plain congener N. solemi (Emberton, 1988). Orstan (1999) confirmed N. albolabris from near this latitude in Montgomery County, Maryland by dissection. Juveniles of N. albolabris can be distinguished from those of M. thyroidus by having a thinner shell at a similar diameter and thinner lip over the umbilicus without a smooth edge.

Stenotrema barbatum (Clapp, 1904) — (FW [BE, SM], PH, TR). This was an uncommon snail found at only four sites in leaf litter in deciduous woodland. This species was reported for Prince Georges County by Grimm (1971la) but the record was not included by Hubricht (1985). Of ten mature shells found in shell marl forest at Fort Washington Park, 40% lacked the parietal denticle and instead possessed a shiny callous thickening in the parietal area. Shell diameter (8.8 - 9.1 mm) and density of periostrical hairs (<4 per mm) on these shells indicate they are more like S. barbatum (> 8 mm; 4 periostrical hairs per mm) than S. hirsutum (6 - 8 mm; 5 - 6 periostrical hairs per mm) (Grimm, 1971b;

Perez, 2011).

A juvenile shell of 2.3 whorls with appressed pubescence found in moist leaf litter at the base of a southeastern facing slope along Difficult Run in Great Falls Park may be attributable to S. barbatum or possibly S. hirsutum (Say, 1817). It differed from other juvenile shells of S. barbatum of the same size by having appressed pubescence rather than stiffly erect hairs.

Triodopsis juxtidens (Pilsbry, 1894) — (FW [BM, BWh, SM], GF, JP, LH, PH, PP, RI, TR). This is a widespread, but never abundant, species of woodland sites nearly always in or under moist rotting logs. Live snails were found between 2 April and 24 August 2010. Broken shells of this species and Anguispira alternata found between stones in the walls of Battery White 1.5 m above the ground may have been placed there by rodents.

Xolotrema denotatum (Férussac, 1821) — (PP [SM]). This typically montane species was found at two sites on the Coastal Plain in shell marl ravine forest in Piscataway Park on 30 April 2011. Nine live juveniles and one juvenile shell were found under loose bark of fallen trees along Accokeek Creek, and one fresh, mature shell and one live juvenile were found in Johnson’s Gulley. Juveniles are easily distinguished from other species with periostrical hairs that could occur in the area such as Stenotrema or Euchemotrema by their larger nuclear whorl and shell diameter. The flora of these calcareous areas also contains a number of species more typically associated with sites in western Maryland and Virginia (Steury & Davis, 2003). These are the southernmost Coastal Plain sites on the East Coast.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

John Slapcinsky, Florida Museum of Natural History, confirmed specimens of Euconulus fulvus and E. polygyratus. Megan E. Paustian dissected our specimen of Arion hortensis. New county or park records were contributed by a number of field assistants working on this study including Rita duMais, Nina Wester, Erik Oberg, and Ian Steury. Christine Camp- Price, Mireya Pasa, Glenn Curtiss, and Mary Jo Detweiler diligently sorted snail specimens from ground beetle pitfall traps and leaf litter collections. Ken Hotopp and Ryan Evans, assisted by Jason Hisner, Norman DeRosa, Lou Allard, Melanie Harsch, Brett Freedman and Laura Cincotti, provided snail specimens from Great Falls and Turkey Run parks collected in 2004 and 2005.

18 BANISTERIA

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Comparisons of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Fine Roots of Pinus virginiana Hosts from Two Soil Sources at the Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve, Franklin County, Virginia

Gregory D. Turner’

Department of Biology West Chester University of Pennsylvania West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383

Marianne Demk6

Virginia Western Community College Roanoke, Virginia 24015

ABSTRACT

Roots of Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) trees from soils of Basic Oak-Hickory Forest (BOHF) and Mountain/Piedmont Acidic Woodland (MPAW) ecological communities at the Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve (Franklin County, Virginia) differing in soil pH and moisture were compared for ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal properties and fine root length. ECM colonization, community composition, morphotype/species richness, and fine root length were assessed from eight BOHF and nine MPAW trees. While soil cores from these trees represented a relatively low sample size, colonization was found to not differ, but ECM fungal composition varied as richness and the respective numbers of dominant and less abundant morphotypes differed from each soil source. Total richness was greater, and mean richness per meter fine root was significantly greater in the more acidic xeric MPAW soil, while fine root length was significantly greater in the less acidic sub-mesic BOHF soil. Our results are the first to characterize ECM properties and fine root growth from P. virginiana trees growing in these two soil sources.

Key words: ectomycorrhizae, fine roots, Grassy Hill, pH, Pinus virginiana, soil moisture.

INTRODUCTION

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are key components of temperate forests, benefiting hosts by facilitating their nutrient and water uptake, and increasing their tolerance of stressful soil conditions (Smith & Read, 2008). Many trees in Virginia’s Blue Ridge Mountains, including Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.), Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum [L.] DC.), and Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinus L.), grow in acidic and xeric soils (Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2012), partly due to ECM facilitation (McQuilkin, 1990). This is not surprising, given that both conventional morphotyping and more contemporary DNA-based methods have found that ECM fungi tolerate a range of soil conditions, including

Corresponding author: gturner@wcupa.edu

moisture levels and pH values (Slankis, 1974; Gehring et al., 1998; Peter et al., 2001; Jany et al., 2003; Abler, 2004; Buée et al., 2005). To better understand the influence of variable soils on ECM fungi and their hosts, we compared ECM fungal and fine root properties of P. virginiana trees growing in Basic Oak- Hickory Forests (BOHF) and Mountain/Piedmont Acidic Woodlands (MPAW) communities, whose soils differ in moisture levels and pH.

MPAW communities are rare in the southeastern U.S., but occur in Virginia mountains as_ barrens characterized by shallow, highly xeric soils. In contrast, BOHEF communities are more common across the state, and have deeper, more mesic soils (Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2012). Both are coniferous or coniferous-deciduous, often being dominated by Pinus and Quercus species that associate with numerous ECM fungal taxa, many of

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which tolerate acidic soils (Brundrett, 2003). In fact, most ECM fungi grow well between pH values of 4.5 and 5.5 (which include the values of our soils), while others do so under lower values (McAfee & Fortin, 1987; Lehto, 1994).

Ultimately, the success of temperate trees growing in acidic soils depends on ECM fungi. Tree growth and survival are positively correlated with ECM colonization in acidic soils (Erland & Sdéderstrém, 1990), due to increased nutrient access. In addition, ECM fungi increase host water access in xeric soils (Gehring & Whitham, 1994). Although studies have examined ECM communities in soils defined by a range of moisture levels and pH values as single variables, fewer have done so in soils with two variables, and none to our knowledge has examined ECM communities on P. virginiana hosts in BOHF and MPAW communities. In this study, we examined in situ ECM properties and root growth on P. virginiana trees growing in these two community types at the Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve in Franklin County, Virginia. We predicted that there would be differences in ECM colonization, community composition, and diversity between BOHF and MPAW soils based on studies finding differences in these variables in similarly contrasting soils (Gehring & Whitham, 1994; Gehring et al., 1998). However, given the lack of studies reporting differences in fine root length from ECM hosts from similarly contrasting soil types, no prediction was made regarding fine root length.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Sites and Host Species

We conducted our study at the Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve, located at the northwest edge of Rocky Mount, Virginia (36° 59' 60" N, 79° 53' 23" W). The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s Division of Natural Heritage manages the Preserve to conserve biodiversity and ecological communities. It lies in the Piedmont physiographic province (Roberts & Bailey, 2000) and southern oak/pine forest zone (Yahner, 2000). It is composed primarily of Carya and Quercus stands, interspersed with P. virginiana, that are fairly undisturbed except for a few roads and power lines (Turner & Demk6, 2007). The terrain is described by magnesium-rich bedrock overlain with heavy clay soils (Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2013), with rocky slopes reaching 535 m ASL (United States Geological Survey and Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, 1985). Average monthly precipitation ranges from 7.7 to 12.8 cm and temperatures range from —3.4 to 30.2 C (National

NO. 43, 2014

Weather Service, 2011; values derived from data collected at the Rocky Mount station from 1981 to

2010). Basic Oak-Hickory Forests (BOHF) and Mountain/Piedmont Acidic Woodlands (MPAW)

communities were compared because their soil moisture levels and pH differ (Table 1; M. Leahy, unpubl. data). Although tree composition was similar in each community, there were differences: Quercus, Carya, and Acer species were the dominant trees in the BOHF, whereas Oxydendrum arboreum, Pinus, and Quercus species were dominant in the MPAW communities. Pinus virginiana served as our host species because it associates with many ECM fungal taxa (e.g., Cenococcum, Russula, and Tomentella; Hepting, 1971; Abler, 2004) and is found in both communities. The species has shallow roots, grows well in xeric to sub- mesic soils (Carter & Snow, 1990) and tolerates pH values of 4.2 to 7.9 (Miller & Cumming, 2000) — values in which ECM fungi enable its survival (Thiet & Boerner, 2007). Thus ECM fungi were expected to associate with this host in both soil sources.

Field Sampling

In May 2006, we identified P. virginiana trees in each of three BOHF and MPAW plots designated within sites previously surveyed for abiotic and vegetative profiles (M. Leahy, unpubl. data). Only two sites of each community were used because only two BOHKE sites had a sufficient number of trees to sample. Plots were located more than 500 m apart, and in each, three P. virginiana trees with DBH >10 cm were randomly selected, except in one BOHF site where only two suitable host trees occurred. Trees were farther than 5 m from one another, given that ECM fungi less than 3 m apart may be from the same mycelium (Turner et al., 2009). Root extractions were timed to coincide with spring ECM flush (Walker et al., 2008). Blocks of 500 cm’ (i.e., soil blocks 5 x 10 x 10 cm deep) were cut and extracted 1-3 m from each tree base (i.e., 2 plots x 3 trees x 3 blocks + 1 plot x 2 trees x 3 blocks = 24 BOHF blocks; 3 plots x 3 trees x 3 blocks = 27 MPAW

Table 1. Soil properties from Basic Oak-Hickory Forest (BOHF) and Mountain/Piedmont Acidic Woodland (MPAW) communities.

Ecological Community

BOHEF MPAW Soil pH range 4.9-5.0 4.3-4.5 Mean % organic matter 4.2 4.3 Soil moisture regime Sub-mesic Xeric Mean soil depth (cm) 7.8 6.6

TURNER & DEMKO: VIRGINIA PINE ROOTS 23

blocks) by use of a soil spade immersion-sterilized in a 9:1 mixture of bleach and water, followed by rinsing before each extraction. Blocks were then wrapped in new aluminum foil and taken to Ferrum College for analysis.

Fungal Morphotyping, Quantification, and Statistics

We exposed roots in each sample block by soaking and gently rinsing them with tap water over sieves to remove adhered pebbles, soil, and dead organic matter. Any remaining pebbles or organic matter was then removed from each sample manually, using tweezers and root snips. We randomly selected a subsample of all of the cleaned fine roots (i.e., any root <1 mm in diameter), representing approximately 50% of all fine roots per sample. Species were identified, and morphotypes were described, using macroscopic morphotyping methods (1.e., Ingleby et al., 1990) based upon root tip branching pattern and shape, mantle color and texture, and presence and abundance of hyphae and rhizomorphs (Table 2, Fig. 1), using an Olympus SZ61 stereoscope. All but one type was not identifiable to species using these procedures, and so were named based on the order in which they were described and on their predominant color. Colonization was expressed as the total numbers’ of colonized _ tips per meter fine root. Tips at least partially covered by fungal tissue were considered colonized. We characterized community composition by determining the percent contribution of each morphotype/species. Our assessments of ECM diversity relied upon morphotype richness and evenness. Richness was measured as the number of ECM types per meter fine root length, while evenness was determined by comparing the ranked proportional contributions of each morphotype per soil source. We quantified fine root length using Tennant’s (1975) root intercept method for all fine roots.

Our study was intended to test for differences in ECM and host properties between BOHF and MPAW soils. However, our design was limited by a lack of resources, thus we examined the cumulative effects of BOHE and MPAW soil parameters on these properties. In addition, given the variability in the number of fine roots, the amount of dead organic matter, and the number of viable ECM roots tips found in each root sample block, blocks from each tree were consolidated to yield a total of nine MPAW and eight BOHF samples to analyze. After performing tests for normality (Le., histograms, skewness and kurtosis, and homogeneity of variance), we analyzed colonization data with t-tests, while richness and fine root length were analyzed with

Fig. 1. (a) Irregularly pinnate copper morphotype, (b) dichotomous rust morphotype, and (c) irregularly coralloid white morphotype intermingled with charcoal black Cenococcum geophilum.

24 BANISTERIA

NO. 43, 2014

Table 2. Descriptions and proportional percentage colonization of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal morphotypes in relation to all root tips colonized by all types pooled in Basic Oak-Hickory Forests (BOHF) and Mountain/Piedmont

Acidic Woodlands (MPAW) soils.

ECM type Branching pattern; tip shape; mantle color and texture; presence and % Colonization abundance of hyphae; presence of rhizomorphs. BOHF MPAW

Cenococcum geophilum Unbranched; straight; charcoal black, grainy; common; not 24.2 31.6 present

Elbr Unbranched; straight; brown, grainy; not present; not present 0.5

E2co Irregularly pinnate; slightly bent; copper, grainy; sparse; sparse 0.1

E3cr Monopodial pinnate; slightly bent; cream, grainy; not present; 0.1 not present

E4og Monopodial pyramidal; straight to slightly bent; olive green, L3

Tomentella-like grainy to smooth; rare; not present

ESrw Irregularly pinnate; slightly bent; reddish white, smooth; not 16.3 present; not present

E6oru Dichotomous; slightly bent; rust, smooth; not present; not present 1.5 5.7

E7si Irregularly pinnate; straight to slightly bent; silver, felty; common; 0.4 Be:

Boletus-like not present

E&8w Irregularly coralloid; straight; white, smooth; not present; not 61.8 31.3 present

E9y Irregular; bent; yellow tan, smooth; not present; not present 10.8 13.2

Mann-Whitney U tests (SPSS version 16.0, Chicago, IL). Differences in the percentage of root tips colonized by morphotypes between soil sources were analyzed with G-tests. We used Mann-Whitney and G-tests because the data for each violated the assumptions of t-tests and Chi-squared tests, respectively. Differences for all tests were considered significant if P < 0.05.

RESULTS

ECM colonization did not differ between P. virginiana roots from the two communities (F = 1.101, P =0.415). Mean colonized root tips per meter fine root were 67.7 + 8.8 (SE) and 80.9 + 12.5 in BOHEF and MPAW soils, respectively. Nine distinct morphotypes and the ubiquitous Ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum Fr. were described or identified in both soil sources (Table 2). One and four types were exclusive to BOHF and MPAW soils, respectively, whereas five occurred in both soils. E8w and C. geophilum were abundant in both soils, representing 62 and 24% of colonized tips, respectively, in BOHF soils, and approximately 1/3 each in MPAW soils. E9y was relatively abundant in BOHF soils, as were ES5rw and E9y in MPAW soils. Collectively, E8w, C. geophilum, and E9y accounted

for ca. 97% of colonization in BOHF soils, while C. geophilum, E8w, E5rw, and E9y accounted for ca. 92% in MPAW soils. Two infrequent types, E6ru and E4og, and the rare type E7si accounted for just over 3% of colonization in BOHE soils, while two infrequent types, E6oru and E7si, and rare types Elbr, E2co, and E3cr accounted for 7.6% in MPAW soils. Overall, ECM community composition differed between soil sources; BOHF soils were dominated by one type and had less diversity whereas MPAW soils had no dominant type and higher diversity. Furthermore, while all but E8w was more abundant in MPAW soils, G-tests found that Eoru and E7si were significantly more abundant in MPAW than BOHF soils. Cenococcum geophilum, E8w, and E9y did not differ between soils.

Mean morphotype richness was __ significantly different (U = 7.595, P = 0.007), being three times greater per meter fine root in MPAW as compared to BOHE soils (i.e., 0.57 + 0.13 versus 0.19 + 0.05), while evenness was qualitatively similar in MPAW and BOHF soils (.e., fewer dominant types and more spread; Fig. 2). Similarly, host fine root length was significantly different (U = 13.000, P = 0.027), being more than twice as long in BOHF than MPAW soils (28.8 + 4.55 vs. 10.7 + 1.6 cm).

TURNER & DEMKO: VIRGINIA PINE ROOTS 25

60 -

—@— BOHF

% Colonization

-@-MPAW

15 5

T Se T ST ge --- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Morphotype Rank

Fig. 2. Rank abundance patterns for ECM morphotypes from Pinus virginiana host trees growing in Basic Oak-Hickory Forests (BOHF) and Mountain/Piedmont Acidic Woodlands (MPAW) soils.

DISCUSSION

ECM colonization did not differ between soil sources, which is not surprising given that other relevant studies report similar findings. For example, Edwards & Kelly (1992) found no _ colonization differences on Loblolly Pine (P. taeda L.) from soils with pH values of 3.8 and 5.2, though they assessed seedlings, rather than trees, exposed to ozone and magnesium in open air chambers. A study of Pinyon Pine (P. edulis Engelm.) from xeric and less xeric soils in an Arizona forest found that there were no differences in colonization (Gehring et al., 1998), and, like our results, that only one or a few morphotypes dominated ECM composition. However, it is important to note that we had more limited sampling, our types were based on conventional morphotyping, and that most current analogous studies use DNA identification methods (e.g., PCR analyses and sequencing), often finding greater sample species richness and more complex composition from various hosts and systems (Dahlberg, 2001; Jany et al., 2003; Tedersoo et al., 2003; Smith & Read, 2008).

Regardless, we found that composition varied, given that total richness and the numbers of dominant and rare types differed between soil sources. Differences in colonization shown by individual types may reflect responses to factors unique to each soil. For example, three types (i.e., E6ru, E7si, and E9y) were more abundant in MPAW soils (E6ru and E7si significantly so), suggesting that these types may be more acid- tolerant than others, as Erland & Sdderstr6m (1990) and Lehto (1994) found for Pisolithus and Suillus species associated with Abies and Picea hosts. We also found that C. geophilum and E9w colonization were similar in both soils, suggesting that these fungi tolerate a wide

range of pH values, as Rao et al. (1997) observed for P. kesiya-associated C. geophilum in soils with variable pH values. However, while colonization by some morphotypes in our study may at least partly reflect responses to pH, these same types, and others, may also have responded to differences in soil moisture, as Gehring et al. (1998) observed. E5rw and E8w, for example, may have affinities for xeric and sub-mesic soils, respectively. By contrast, C. geophilum, with roughly equal abundances in both soil sources, likely tolerates a greater range of moisture levels, as Worley & Hacskaylo (1959) observed for it colonizing P. virginiana seedlings grown in Maryland forest soils in the greenhouse.

Richness differed significantly between soil sources, with three times more ECM morphotypes per meter fine root in MPAW than BOHF soils. Greater MPAW richness may reflect the ability of more types to tolerate lower pH and xeric soils, as Gehring & Whitham (1994) found for P. edulis types, and some types that may be acidophilic (e.g., Elbr and ESrw). Another factor that may have influenced differences in richness is fine root length, with which it has been positively correlated on Picea and Quercus hosts (Korkama et al., 2006; Turner et al., 2009). However, our results differ from these patterns, because we found that fine root length was significantly lower in the more morphotype- rich MPAW soils. In addition, ECM fungi were less evenly structured in BOHF than MPAW soils (Fig. 2) as evidenced by the steeper slope representing the BOHF community (1.e., 62% proportional colonization by E8w), and the occurrence of fewer dominant and more rare types in MPAW soils. Considering evenness with richness, our results suggest that ECM communities may be more diverse on P. virginiana hosts from MPAW than BOHF soils.

Fine root length was significantly greater in BOHF than MPAW soils. Organic matter and soil depth did not differ greatly between soils (Table 1). Although these factors can affect root growth (Gehring et al., 1998; Hertel et al., 2003), it is unlikely they did so in our study. Soil pH also affects root growth, though no clear patterns have emerged from the literature. For example, Lehto (1994) reports negative effects while Brunner et al. (2002) found weak or no effects. In contrast, soil moisture may have been influential because it is known to be positively correlated with fine root growth (Lopez et al., 1998; Wilcox et al., 2004; Olesinski et al., 2011). Pinus virginiana may operate similarly, growing longer fine roots in the moister BOHF than the xeric MPAW soils.

In summary, ECM composition and richness on P. virginiana hosts differed between BOHF and MPAW soils at the Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve.

26 BANISTERIA

Morphotype richness was greater in MPAW soils and, like composition, may have been affected by differences in the response of individual morphotypes to moisture levels and pH. Greater P. virginiana fine root length in BOHF soils likely reflects the host’s ability to grow longer fine roots in moister soils. Our findings corroborate some studies reporting differences in ECM fungi in response to variable soil moisture levels or pH, respectively. However, as stated earlier, our explanations were based on cumulative plot-level differences in key soil parameters and relied on small, consolidated samples. Thus, more research, including bioassays, outplantings, and local-scale soil parameter manipulations would go far in helping us to better understand how ECM fungi and fine roots respond to differences in key soil parameters. In addition, future studies might also consider that factors like soil moisture and pH, root length, and _ vegetative composition may be covariates for ECM colonization.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Mike Leahy, former steward at the Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve, for his assistance and for providing soil data for each site. We also thank Porter Knight, Leanne Wade, and Mary Beth Webb as well as Drs. Bob Pohlad and Carolyn Thomas (Division of Natural Sciences, Ferrum College), for their field and lab assistance. A 2007 West Chester University Faculty Development Grant funded this project.

LITERATURE CITED

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Brundrett, M. C. 2003. Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New Phytologist 154: 275- 304.

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silvatica) forest subjected to two thinning regimes. Mycorrhiza 15: 235-245.

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Dahlberg, A. 2001. Community’ ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi: an advancing interdisciplinary field. New Phytologist 150: 555-562.

Edwards, G. S., & J. M. Kelly. 1992. Ectomycorrhizal colonisation of loblolly pine seedlings during three growing seasons in response to ozone, acidic precipitation and soil Mg_ status. Environmental Pollution 76: 71-77.

Erland, S., & B. Séderstrém. 1990. Effects of liming on ectomycorrhizal infecting Pinus sylvestris L.: I. Mycorrhizal infection in limed humus in _ the laboratory and isolation of fungi from mycorrhizal roots. New Phytologist 115: 675-682.

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Gehring, C. A., & T. G. Whitham. 1994. Comparisons of ectomycorrhizae on pinyon pines (Pinus edulis; Pinaceae) across extremes of soil type and herbivory. American Journal of Botany 81: 1509-1516.

Hepting, G. H. 1971. Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 386. Washington, DC. 658 pp.

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Jany, J. L., F. Martin, and J. Garbaye. 2003. Respiration activity of ectomycorrhizas from Cenococcum geophilum and Lactarius sp. in relation to soil water potential in five beech forests. Plant and Soil 255: 487- 494,

TURNER & DEMKO: VIRGINIA PINE ROOTS 24

Korkama T., A. Pakkanen, & T. Pennanen. 2006. Ectomycorrhizal community structure varies among

Norway spruce (Picea abies) clones. New Phytologist 171: 815-824.

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Lopez, B., S. Sabaté, & C. Gracia. 1998. Fine root dynamics in a Mediterranean forest: effects of drought and stem density. Tree Physiology 18: 601-606.

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mycobionts under field conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 859-864.

McQuilkin, R. A. 1990. Quercus prinus L. Chestnut oak. Pp. 1389-1400 In R. M. Burns & B. H. Honkala (tech. coordinators), Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Hardwoods. Agricultural Handbook 654. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.

Miller, S. P., & J. R. Cumming. 2000. Effects of serpentine soil factors on Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) seedlings. Tree Physiology 20: 1129-1135.

National Weather Service Forecast Office. 2011. NOWData — NOAA Online Weather Data for Rocky Mount, Virginia. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/ xmacis.php?wfo=rnk. (Accessed 1 March 2013).

Olesinski, J.. M. B. Lavigne, M. J. Krasowski, & M. Ryan. 2011. Effects of soil moisture manipulations on fine root dynamics in a mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea L. Mill.) forest. Tree Physiology 31: 339- 348.

Peter, M., F. Ayer, & S. Egli. 2001. Nitrogen addition in a Norway spruce stand altered macromycete sporocarp production and _ below-ground — ecto-

mycorrhizal species composition. New Phytologist 149: 311-325.

Rao, C. S., G. D. Sharma, & A. K. Shukla. 1997. Distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure stands of different age groups of Pinus kesiya. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43: 85-91.

Roberts, C., & C. M. Bailey. 2000. Physiographic map of Virginia counties. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources and the United States Geological Survey of Mineral Producing Localities, Charlottesville, VA.

http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/provinces/pdf/va_ counties_phys.pdf. (Accessed 1 March 2013).

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Smith, S. E., & D. J. Read. 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, New York, NY. 800 pp.

Tedersoo, L., U. Koljalg, N. Hallenberg, and K-H. Larsson. 2003. Fine scale distribution of ecto- mycorrhizal fungi and roots across substrate layers including coarse woody debris in a mixed forest. New Phytologist 159: 153-165.

Tennant, D. 1975. A test of modified line intersect

method of estimating root length. Journal of Ecology 63: 995-1001.

Thiet, R. K., & R. E. J. Boerner. 2007. Spatial patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum in arbuscular mycorrhizal barrens communities: implications for controlling invasion by Pinus virginiana. Mycorrhiza 17: 507-517.

Turner, G. D., & M. Demko. 2007. Exotic plant distributions along disturbance corridors at the Grassy Hill Natural Area, Franklin County, Virginia. Banisteria 30: 19-26.

Turner, G. D., J. D. Lewis, J. T. Mates-Muchin, W. F. Schuster, & L. Watt. 2009. Light availability and soil source influence ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on oak seedlings grown in oak- and hemlock-associated soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Ecology 39: 1247- 1258.

United States Geological Survey and Virginia Division of Mineral Resources. 1985. Rocky Mount Quadrangle, Virginia — Franklin County, 7.5-minute series, 36079- H8-TF-024.

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2012. The natural communities of Virginia: classification of ecological community — groups. http://www.dcr. virginia.gov/natural_heritage/natural_ communities/ncTIIj.shtml. (Accessed 1 March 2013).

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Walker, J. F., O. K. Miller, Jr., & J. L. Horton. 2008. Seasonal dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungus assemblages on oak seedlings in the southeastern Appalachian Mountains. Mycorrhiza 18: 123-132.

Wilcox, C. S., J. W. Ferguson, G. C. J. Fernandez, & R. S. Nowak. 2004. Fine root growth dynamics of four Mojave Desert shrubs as related to soil and microsite. Journal of Arid Environments 56: 129-148.

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Worley, J. F., & E. Hacskaylo. 1959. The effects of available soil moisture on the mycorrhizal association of Virginia pine. Forest Science 5: 267-268.

Yahner, R. H. 2000. Eastern Deciduous Forest Ecology and Wildlife Conservation. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN. 295 pp.

Dragonflies and Damselflies of Albemarle County, Virginia (Odonata)

James M. Childress

4146 Blufton Mill Road Free Union, Virginia 22940

ABSTRACT

The Odonata fauna of Albemarle County, Virginia has been poorly documented, with approximately 20 species on record before this study. My observations from 2006 to 2014, along with historical and other recent records, now bring the total species count for the county to 95. This total includes 64 species of dragonflies, which represents 46% of the 138 species known to occur in Virginia, and 31 species of damselflies, which represents 55% of the 56 species known to occur in Virginia. Also recorded here are the observed date ranges for adults of each species and some

observational notes.

Key words: Odonata, dragonfly, damselfly, Albemarle County, Virginia.

INTRODUCTION

For many counties in Virginia, there has been little effort to systematically survey the insect order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). As a resident of Albemarle County, I felt that I was in a position to make a sustained effort to remedy the virtual lack of information for this county. Prior to my survey, only about 20 species had been documented in this county (Kennedy, 1977; Carle, 1982; Roble, 1994; Roble et al., 1997; S. Roble, unpub. data). This annotated checklist is meant to bring together both my own observations of Odonata in Albemarle County, Virginia, and other reliable records.

STUDY AREA

Albemarle County (Fig. 1) is centrally located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, with Charlottesville being its largest city. The county lies within the Piedmont physiographic province, except for the northwestern border, where the Blue Ridge Mountains, Pasture Fence Mountain, and Bucks Elbow Mountain are in the Blue Ridge physiographic province. The highest point in the county is 990 m above sea level at the peak of Loft Mountain in the northwest corner. From the foot of the Blue Ridge eastward, the topography is typical of the Piedmont, with the elevation of the plateau generally between 150 and 200 m, trending lower toward the

CHILDRESS: ALBEMARLE COUNTY ODONATA 29

0 4 2 3 4 & 6 Miles 04123 4 6 6 7 8 & Kilometers Office of Geographic Data Services

This Map is for Display Purposes Onty.

MAP CREATED: 047262013

Water Supply Watersheds U7 South Fork Rivanna Reservoir a, uP Beaver Creek Reservoir

“7 Sugar Hollow Reservoir

ey Ragged Mountain Reservoir GF North Fork Rivanna Intake Totier Creek Reservoir Non-Water Supply Watersheds GC tlight grey)

Roads $B) interstate Highway ++ Ralroads

US Highway ————— Streams ce) efi

wemeemeee County Boundary ieee Hie

&3 VA Primary Highway [729] VA Secondary Highway

yey | Incorporated Town or Ls City Boundary

Fig. 1. Map of Albemarle County, Virginia showing primary sampling sites during this study: 1. Lowell pond; 2. Childress/Payne pond; 3. Chapel Springs Farm pond; 4. Ivy Creek Natural Area; 5. James River at Warren; 6. Moormans River; 7. Mechums River.

James River and the Fluvanna County line, where the elevation is about 75 m. There are several groups of outlying mountains, including Fox Mountain in the northwest and the Ragged Mountains south of Charlottesville, with elevations ranging from 365 to over 730 m. Southwestern Mountain lies just east of Charlottesville and runs from the northeast of the county toward the southwest, with the highest point being over 550 m. The county is a mix of urban and suburban development, farmland, and primary and secondary growth forests.

Albemarle County is drained primarily by the James River and three of its tributaries (Rockfish, Hardware, and Rivanna rivers) and the numerous smaller streams that feed them. The headwaters of the South Anna

River (York River drainage) extend into this county over a mile near Barboursville. All of the tributaries of the James River flow in entrenched, meandering channels, which cross the structural trend of this area. Their drainage pattern has, in places, a well-defined trellis pattern, and in other places a poorly defined pattern of the same type (Nelson, 1962).

Albemarle County has no natural lakes, but there are many man-made impoundments, including the South Rivanna Reservoir, Sugar Hollow Reservoir, Beaver Dam Creek Reservoir, Totier Creek Reservoir, and Ragged Mountain Reservoir. There are also numerous private ponds, some with flooded forests and beaver activity, some full of cattails (Typha spp.), some surrounded by alders (Alnus spp.), and others standing

30 BANISTERIA

in pastures, their banks trampled by cattle.

Although I have surveyed many private ponds in Albemarle County, I have paid special attention to three of them (see Fig. 1) with somewhat different characteristics. The Chapel Springs Farm pond (38.15714° N, 78.61095° W) is fed by a branch of Rocky Creek. Where the creek enters the pond, there is a Shallow swampy area with alders, grasses, rushes, and a few cattails. The pond itself has many water lilies (Nymphaea spp.). Along Blufton Mill Road, the Lowell pond (38.13886° N, 78.62161° W) is a small, somewhat overgrown pond that has many cattails in the shallows and is quite weedy around. The Childress/Payne pond (38.14942° N, 78.62161° W) was built in 2007, had no fish in the first season, and is less grown up than the others.

The Mechums and Moormans are small rivers that drain the western part of the county. The Moormans is somewhat rockier and the Mechums carries more sediment. These two join near Free Union to form the South Fork of the Rivanna River. These rivers, along with the much larger James River on the county’s southern border, have received most of my focus for riverine habitat.

METHODS

With a few exceptions, my species records are based on identification of specimens that I have collected with a standard insect net (adults) or a D-shaped collecting net (larvae) and that have been verified by Steve Roble of the Virginia Natural Heritage Program. Adults have been preserved with acetone and larvae preserved in a 70% ethyl alcohol solution. I have attempted to collect adult specimens of every species, but there are several species for which I have only obtained larvae and/or exuviae. In one case (Libellula axilena), my only record is a photograph. I have also included historical and personal records for Albemarle County provided by Steve Roble.

In a few cases, I have raised larvae to adulthood in order to have more definitive identifications. Individual larvae were kept in screen enclosures set in two to three inches of water in a plastic tub with aeration. The larvae were able to crawl up the screen and out of the water when ready to emerge.

RESULTS

My observations from 2006 to 2013, along with historical and other recent records, bring the total Odonata species count for Albemarle County to 95. This total includes 64 species of dragonflies, which represents 46% of the 138 species known to occur

NO. 43, 2014

in Virginia, and 31 species of damselflies, which represents 55% of the 56 species known to occur in Virginia (S. Roble, unpub. data). The following annotated checklist is arranged alphabetically within families. Each species is listed with observation notes followed by the first and last observed flight dates for the county in parentheses and the nature of specimens collected: A (adult), L (larva), E (exuvia). Unless otherwise noted, specimens are in my _ personal collection.

ANISOPTERA (Dragonflies) Petaluridae (Petaltails) Tachopteryx thoreyi (Gray Petaltail)

I have seen this species along the wooded stream bottom of Rocky Creek on Chapel Springs Farm, hanging vertically on tree trunks, and on the gray wood siding of our house. Every day from 11-23 July 2004, I observed an adult hunting from the gray gravel of our driveway. I watched one on a tree branch eating a Lancet Clubtail (Gomphus exilis). The species is not common in the county, and I typically only see a few individuals each year, with my highest one-day count being five. (May 16 to July 23; A)

Aeshnidae (Darners) Aeshna umbrosa (Shadow Darner)

Male Shadow Darners patrol shady, heavily vegetated, sluggish streams in the fall, and I have consistently seen them at the Lowell pond outlet stream and other slow shady streams, where females deposit eggs. I have also observed Shadow Darners flying abroad in open fields, and I saw a hunting swarm of several dozen on 5 September 2012. (September 5 to November 21; A)

Aeshna verticalis (Green-striped Darner)

I am only aware of one other Virginia record of this more northern species, and that was from Highland County (Roble et al., 2009). I captured an adult male on 21 October 2006 in tall grass near the Lowell pond. There is no evidence that this species breeds in the area; this individual was likely migrating or wandering late in the season. (October 21; A)

Anax junius (Common Green Darner)

This species is common at local ponds where the

CHILDRESS: ALBEMARLE COUNTY ODONATA 31

males can be seen assertively patrolling the edges. Presumably due to its migratory habits, adults can be seen in late March before other species have emerged. From mid-September to early October it is common to see large numbers hawking insects. These are sometimes intermixed with Black Saddlebags (Tramea lacerata). In 2007, I observed a newly built pond, which was just filling up in mid-May. By July 14th there were exuviae on plant stems at the water’s edge, indicating that individuals had completed their life cycle from egg to adult within two months. (March 17 to October 15; A, E)

Anax longipes (Comet Darner)

Comet Darners are somewhat uncommon but I have seen them patrolling several farm ponds in summer and have collected one larva. Males are aggressive and fly rapidly both along the shore and out over the open water. (May 16 to August 28; A, L)

Basiaeschna janata (Springtime Darner)

Springtime Darners patrol the edges of streams that range from a meter across to as large as the James River. I have sometimes seen them flying along the shores of farm ponds or flying along woodland paths away from water. I have also captured the larvae in streams both small and large and found an exuvia at the Childress/Payne Pond. (March 31 to June 7; A, L, E)

Boyeria vinosa (Fawn Darner)

This species is quite common in the late summer and fall on the Moormans and Mechums rivers where they fly close to the shady banks among the roots and snags, especially late in the day. I have also caught females out in the middle of streams over riffles. The larvae can be reliably found in the mud under river banks. Between 9 and 16 July 2009, I discovered three individuals trapped in netting that had been placed over blueberry bushes. These were far from any stream of the type in which they breed. (June 7 to October 10; A, L)

Epiaeschna heros (Swamp Darner)

I have seen Swamp Darners at Chapel Springs Farm pond, in woodland clearings, and in my own yard, but they were most commonly observed hawking over fields at Warren near the James River. Here the adults make rapid forays over the fields, often 2-7 m above the ground, with occasional rest periods in trees at the fields’ edges. (May 21 to June 24; A, E)

Gomphaeschna antilope (Taper-tailed Darner)

Carle (1982) listed a male specimen in_ the collection of Virginia Commonwealth University that was collected by M. Zimmerman on 13 June 1975 in Charlottesville. I have not found this species or the closely related Harlequin Darner (G. furcillata) in Albemarle County. (June 13)

Nasiaeschna pentacantha (Cyrano Darner)

In Albemarle County, I have only seen this species at the Ivy Creek Natural Area, where the stream along the Red Trail meets the South Rivanna Reservoir. Males patrol back and forth above the sluggish shady stream, covering and recovering a 30 or 40 foot section of the creek. (July 7 to July 18; A)

Gomphidae (Clubtails) Arigomphus villosipes (Unicorn Clubtail)

At Chapel Springs Farm Pond and a _ heavily vegetated temporary pond in a field at Warren, I have seen Unicorn Clubtails in late May and early June perching on lily pads or other vegetation growing in the water. I caught a fairly mature larva in the Chapel Springs Farm pond on 20 September 2008. (May 24 to July 4; A, L)

Dromogomphus spinosus (Black-shouldered Spinyleg)

Black-shouldered Spinylegs can be seen near streams and rivers of all sizes: tiny woodland streams, the Mechums, Moormans, and Rivanna Rivers, and the James River at Warren. They perch on the ground along the shores and also on plants and bushes. This is a common dragonfly and can be seen over a longer season than many of the other clubtails. (May 23 to September 9; A, L, E)

Erpetogomphus designatus (Eastern Ringtail)

This species is abundant in the summer on the James River, and can be seen in great numbers flying out over the water. Adults can also be found in forests and fields near the river. They are present on the Rivanna River and at the Ivy Creek Natural Area on the South Fork Reservoir. I have seen them upstream on the Moormans River nearly to the Free Union Road, but they are much less common on the smaller rivers than on the James. Larvae are relatively easily caught in silty places in the James River. (May 16 to September 9; A. L)

32 BANISTERIA

Gomphus abbreviatus (Spine-crowned Clubtail)

Spine-crowned Clubtails emerge from the James River at Warren in great numbers in mid- to late April, leaving exuviae on the banks and on roots and branches sticking out of the water. For a few weeks the adults can be seen in the grasses and bushes back from the water. I have seen them up the smaller rivers as far as the Millington Bridge on the Moormans River. (March 31 to June 4; A, L, E)

Gomphus dilatatus (Blackwater Clubtail)

This species is present in the James River at Warren where I collected a fairly mature larva on 7 October 2010 and have since collected adults in the spring and summer. Until recently, the range of this species was not considered to extend this far north (Roble, 2014). (June 7 to July 12; A, L)

Gomphus exilis (Lancet Clubtail)

Sitting on or near the ground, Lancet Clubtails are common near ponds and sluggish streams during their flight season. This is a widespread species in Albemarle County. (April 21 to July 8; A, L)

Gomphus lividus (Ashy Clubtail)

From mid-April through May, Ashy Clubtails are common both in vegetation near farm ponds and slow

Fig. 2. Adult female Rapids Clubtail (Gomphus quadricolor) from the Moormans River, Albemarle, County, Virginia.

NO. 43, 2014

streams, and sometimes far from water in grassy fields and yards. I observed one eating a small grasshopper in my yard. I have collected larvae in both ponds and slow streams. (March 31 to June 20; A, L, E)

Gomphus quadricolor (Rapids Clubtail)

I first found a Rapids Clubtail (Fig 2) in 2007 near the confluence of the Moormans and Mechums rivers. I have since found larvae in both of those rivers. On 24 May 2009, I observed a substantial emergence of adults along the Moormans River about halfway between Millington and White Hall. Dozens of tenerals were clinging to vegetation near the river and fluttering in the grass of a nearby field. Over the following several weeks I continued to find adults at that location and several miles downstream, generally in fields and low shrubs a short distance from the water. (May 24 to June 20; A, L)

Gomphus rogersi (Sable Clubtail)

I have collected larvae in the inlet stream to the Chapel Springs Farm pond (7 March 2009 and 27 March 2010) and an adult (25 May 2009) from a heavily shaded small stream that feeds into the Moormans River about halfway between Millington and White Hall. (May 25; A, L)

Gomphus vastus (Cobra Clubtail)

In early May, Cobra Clubtails emerge from the James River in very large numbers. They are very common at Warren, where they can be found in tall grasses and low in the trees. I have caught many larvae in the river there. (April 20 to July 13; A, L, E)

Gomphus viridifrons (Green-faced Clubtail)

In Virginia, this species is mostly known from the southwestern part of the state (Carle, 1982; Roble et al., 1997). I have collected both larvae and adults at the James River at Warren. There are also records east of Albemarle County along the James River as far downstream as the City of Richmond (S. Roble, unpub. data), so the James supports a population of this species east of the Blue Ridge Mountains. (May 3 to May 11; A, L)

Hagenius brevistylus (Dragonhunter) I have seen Dragonhunters flying over the water and

perching on rocks or on branches in streams and rivers ranging from the James, Rivanna, Moormans, and

CHILDRESS: ALBEMARLE COUNTY ODONATA 33

Mechums rivers, to the small inlet stream at the Chapel Springs Farm Pond. I generally see them singly, but they are widespread on rivers and streams. I watched one laying eggs on the pavement on East Jefferson Street in Charlottesville, presumably because the dark color of the street resembles a stream. The large flattened larvae are relatively easily found in half-rotted sticks and leaves at the bottom of streams as well as under rocks in swifter water. (May 28 to October 17; A, L, E)

Ophiogomphus incurvatus (Appalachian Snaketail)

My only record is a larva collected from the wooded inlet stream at Chapel Springs Farm pond on 14 February 2009. (L)

Ophiogomphus susbecha (St. Croix Snaketail)

A very small number of mature adults of this species have been captured in Virginia (S. Roble, pers. comm.), but exuviae are relatively easily found along the James River in April. In Albemarle County, I collected many fresh exuviae on the banks of the James River at Warren from March 31 to April 16. Steve Roble (pers. comm.) has also collected exuviae of this species along the James River at Warren as well as at Hattons Ferry and Scottsville. (E)

Progomphus obscurus (Common Sanddragon)

On sandy banks and sandbars in streams, from small woodland streams to the James River at Warren, this is a common species. On 25 May 2008, I found a number of exuviae on a sandy bank in the Moormans River and found one teneral that was just emerging. This is the earliest date on which I have observed them in the county. (May 25 to July 30; A, L, E)

Stylogomphus albistylus (Least Clubtail)

I have found adults and larvae along the Moormans River from its confluence with the Mechums River upstream to the dam at Sugar Hollow Reservoir, as well as on Jones Run. I have collected larvae from the James River at Warren. (June 1 to July 15; A, L)

Stylurus laurae (Laura’s Clubtail)

On both 3 May 2011 and 11 May 2012, I collected one larva in the James River at Warren, about 50 m upstream from Ballinger Creek. The latter specimen emerged on 14 June. I captured a teneral female at the same location on 20 June 2013. (June 20; A, L)

Stylurus plagiatus (Russet-tipped Clubtail)

On 25 June 2008, Steve Roble (pers. comm.) observed one male on the North Fork of the Rivanna River, east of U.S. Route 29. (June 25)

Stylurus spiniceps (Arrow Clubtail)

I have not observed adults, but have collected many larvae from the James River at Warren. Roble et al. (1997) found this species along the Mechums River near Owensville on 18 October 1993. On 19 October 2006, Steve Roble (pers. comm.) observed several Stylurus males along the Rivanna River near Shadwell that were probably S. spiniceps. (October 18; L)

Cordulegastridae (Spiketails) Cordulegaster bilineata (Brown Spiketail)

I have captured this species in a shallow, weedy part of the inlet stream to the Chapel Springs Farm pond and in the marshy area at the outlet of the Lowell pond. At the Chapel Springs inlet stream, the male perched repeatedly on one of several plants from which it made short flights. (April 21 to June 3; A)

Cordulegaster erronea (Tiger Spiketail)

While crossing a small, sandy bottomed woodland stream (<1 m wide) that leads eventually into Chapel Springs Farm pond, I captured a Tiger Spiketail that was flying rapidly along the stream. Since that time I have caught larvae in that stream and in similar streams in the immediate vicinity. (July 23; A, L)

Cordulegaster maculata (Twin-spotted Spiketail)

This is the common Spiketail in Albemarle County. I have found them along the edges of woodlands, on bushes in my yard, on woodland paths, and in a swampy area below the Lowell pond (newly emerged on a cattail stalk). The larvae are fairly easily found in small sandy-bottomed woodland streams, in the smaller ones sometimes in conjunction with C. erronea. (April 7 to May 29; A, L, E)

Macromiidae (Cruisers) Didymops transversa (Stream Cruiser) This common early spring species cruises back and

forth along the banks of small streams (Chapel Springs Farm pond inlet stream) and large rivers (James River

34 BANISTERIA

at Warren). It shares both habitat and season with the Springtime Darner. I observed a teneral emerging on a stalk of grass on the edge of the Childress/Payne pond. (April 7 to June 4; A, L, E)

Macromia illinoiensis (Swift River Cruiser)

I have seen adults of this species on medium (Moormans and Mechums) and large rivers (James) where they cruise rapidly up and down the river. In between these patrols, they appear to perch high in the trees. I have also found the larvae in smaller streams, including the inlet to Chapel Springs Farm pond. I have occasionally seen adults cruising along roadways as though those roadways were streams and have seen them far from water patrolling grassy areas. I have occasionally seen one along the shores of a farm pond. (May 24 to September 9; A, L)

Corduliidae (Emeralds) Epitheca cynosura (Common Baskettail)

Common Baskettails are abundant at farm ponds and creeks in the spring, where males defend territories along the banks. They are also common in yards and gardens away from water. (March 24 to June 20; A, L, E)

Epitheca princeps (Prince Baskettail)

Most farm ponds seem to have one male patrolling out over the water, often far from the shore. They are fairly common on the Moormans, Mechums, and Rivanna Rivers, and quite common on the James River. Larvae are easily netted in silty deposits in the James River. (April 30 to August 28; A, L, E)

Helocordulia selysii (Sely’s Sundragon)

I captured an adult female along Preddy Creek at Gilbert. It was perched on a twig close to the ground in the Box Elder (Acer negundo) lowland woods. (April 27; A)

Helocordulia uhleri (Uhler’s Sundragon)

I have seen a few individuals of this species most years at the inlet stream leading to Chapel Springs Farm Pond. The stream is wooded and fairly shady at that point. Males patrol rapidly and erratically. I have also captured an adult along a sunny driveway far from water. Not easily captured, this dragonfly is both wary and quick. (April 15 to May 14; A)

NO. 43, 2014

Neurocordulia virginiensis (Cinnamon Shadowdragon)

Although I expected to find several species of this genus, after spending considerable time and effort in late May and early June in the James River at Warren, all of the larvae, exuviae, and adults that I have collected are N. virginiensis. The adults fly out over the river from about 1830 h until dark, with the greatest activity about 45 minutes before dark. (May 24 to June 14; A, L, E)

Libellulidae (Skimmers) Celithemis elisa (Calico Pennant)

This abundant species can be seen in farm ponds and grassy fields throughout the county. (May 2 to September 23; A, L, E)

Celithemis eponina (Halloween Pennant)

Halloween Pennants are commonly seen at farm ponds and nearby fields in late summer and early fall. I have also seen them on the South Rivanna Reservoir and James River. Pairs fly in tandem low over the water as the female lays eggs. I have observed a Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) capture a pair as they touched the water. (July 7 to October 10; A)

Celithemis fasciata (Banded Pennant)

This species (Fig, 3) is less common than C. elisa, but still fairly easily found at farm ponds. (May 14 to October 6; A)

Celithemis verna (Double-ringed Pennant)

This pennant is somewhat uncommon in Albemarle County, but can be found at ponds, usually sitting

Fig. 3. Adult male Banded Pennant (Celithemis fasciata) from the Childress/Payne pond, Albemarle, County, Virginia.

CHILDRESS: ALBEMARLE COUNTY ODONATA 35

on the rushes farthest from the shore. Their flight is much quicker than the other Celithemis species, and they tend to dart quickly from their perches to grab prey and then return. I have seen them at the Childress/Payne pond, Lowell pond, and Chapel Springs Farm pond, but never in large numbers. (June 5 to July 15; A)

Dythemis velox (Swift Setwing)

My only record of this species in Albemarle County is an adult captured on 7 July 2007 at the Ivy Creek Natural Area. It was perching on a dead alder branch out over the reservoir and returned repeatedly to that same spot between forays. This is a southern species with only a handful of records in the state (Bedell & Chazal, 1999; S. Roble, pers. comm.). (July 7; A)

Erythemis simplicicollis (Eastern Pondhawk)

This common dragonfly is routinely found at ponds and still water where it perches in vegetation near and in the water. It is an aggressive predator, and I have observed one eating an Eastern Amberwing (Perithemis tenera). (April 21 to October 6; A, L)

Erythrodiplax minuscula (Little Blue Dragonlet)

I have seen this species only twice in the county, both times at the Childress/Payne pond, perched in low vegetation near the water. (July 20 to September 15; A)

Ladona deplanata (Blue Corporal)

In the early spring, this is an abundant species near ponds and lakes, where it tends to sit on or near the ground, with wings often held slightly downward. The larvae are easily found around pond edges. (April 7 to June 20; A, L, E)

Libellula auripennis (Golden-winged Skimmer)

My only location for this species in the county is the Childress/Payne pond, where it has been regularly seen for several years in fairly small numbers. (June 5 to June 30; A)

Libellula axilena (Bar-winged Skimmer)

On 18 June 2006, I observed a Bar-winged Skimmer return many times to the branches of a dead tree lying in the water at the Chapel Springs pond inlet stream. It was noticeably wary and I was unable to capture it. (June 18; photograph)

Libellula cyanea (Spangled Skimmer)

This beautiful skimmer is common in marshy areas and around ponds. It is particularly common at Chapel Springs Farm pond, which has a large marshy area at the upper end of the pond. Pam Hunt (pers. comm.) found a teneral female in Charlottesville on the rather early date of 23 April 2007. (April 23 to August 15; A)

Libellula incesta (Slaty Skimmer)

This skimmer is widespread and abundant at farm ponds, reservoirs and lakes, and the vegetation around the shores is crowded with them. The larvae are easily captured in the shallow waters. (May 31 to October 6; A, L)

Libellula luctuosa (Widow Skimmer)

This familiar dragonfly of summer is very common near ponds and lakes throughout the county. Females are common in fields away from the water. (May 24 to October 14; A, L)

Libellula pulchella (Twelve-spotted Skimmer)

Twelve-spotted Skimmers are present in the county from early May to late September at a variety of farm ponds, but I only see them occasionally, and then generally only one or two at a time. (May 2 to September 29; A, L)

Libellula semifasciata (Painted Skimmer)

I have only seen this very distinctive species twice in Albemarle County, and was able to collect an adult at the Childress/Payne pond as it perched in the reeds at the pond’s edge. (May 9 to May 25; A)

Libellula vibrans (Great Blue Skimmer)

I have occasionally seen this species near the Chapel Springs Farm pond and more often near the James River at Warren. Based on my observations, it is somewhat uncommon in Albemarle County. (June 3 to August 16; A)

Pachydiplax longipennis (Blue Dasher)

In the vegetation at the edge of ponds, lakes, and slow streams, this species is abundant and widespread in the county. Males aggressively confront intruders. (May 15 to October 14; A, L)

36 BANISTERIA

Pantala flavescens (Wandering Glider)

I have seen this wide-ranging dragonfly in hayfields, parking lots, and over athletic fields and roads. They breed in the Childress/Payne farm pond, and I have found the exuviae on plants at the pond’s edge and tenerals flying weakly in the grass near the pond. (June 21 to October 7; A, E)

Pantala hymenaea (Spot-winged Glider)

My observations indicate that this species is less common than P. flavescens in Albemarle County, but it also breeds in the Childress/Payne farm pond. (July 18 to August 7; A)

Perithemis tenera (Eastern Amberwing)

Perching on low vegetation in the water and flying forays just above the surface of the water, the Eastern Amberwing can reliably be found on ponds and lakes throughout the county. I have also seen them congregating in shrubs near the education center at the Ivy Creek Natural Area, hundreds of meters from the water. I observed one being eaten by an Eastern Pondhawk (Erythemis simplicollis). (June 4 _ to September 16; A)

Plathemis lydia (Common Whitetail)

Due to its abundance, extremely broad distribution, and habit of perching on or near the ground, this is the dragonfly most often seen by the layperson. I have observed them perching in yards, woods, and all around ponds and lakes. (April 14 to September 16; A, L)

Sympetrum ambiguum (Blue-faced Meadowhawk)

Carle (1982) listed two male specimens in the collection of Virginia Tech that were captured by Mary E. Davis on | September 1937 in Charlottesville. I have not encountered this species in the county.

Sympetrum vicinum (Yellow-legged Meadowhawk)

In 2011, I began seeing adults at the Childress/ Payne pond on June 26, with all of them appearing to be females. They were not present in large numbers but could consistently be found throughout the rest of the summer. As other common species die out in the fall, this becomes the most common dragonfly on farm ponds around the county, persisting quite late in the season. During a mild fall, I found a live adult on 23 December 2006 at Chapel Springs Farm pond. (June 25

NO. 43, 2014

to December 23; A) Tramea carolina (Carolina Saddlebags)

Although not seen in large numbers, this species is fairly widespread on ponds and lakes where it flies a few feet above the water and along the shores. (April 26 to August 28; A, L)

Tramea lacerata (Black Saddlebags)

This is the more common of the two Tramea species found in Albemarle County, being reliably seen at ponds and lakes. It also congregates with Common Green Darners (Anax junius) in September in what appear to be migrating groups, hawking over open fields. (May 11 to October 15; A)

ZY GOPTERA (Damselflies) Calopterygidae (Broad-winged Damsels) Calopteryx angustipennis (Appalachian Jewelwing)

Ballinger Creek flows into the James River at Warren, and I have observed Appalachian Jewelwings along that shady, sandy, slow-flowing stream. I have also found them along the banks of the James near Ballinger Creek. (April 27 to June 7; A)

Calopteryx dimidiata (Sparkling Jewelwing)

My only Albemarle County record of this species is an adult captured on 6 June 2010 at Warren sitting on a branch overhanging the James River at dusk. Steve Roble (pers. comm.) found this species on 25 June 2008 along the North Fork of the Rivanna River just east of U.S. Route 29. (June 6 to June 25; A)

Calopteryx maculata (Ebony Jewelwing)

This is our most common Jewelwing and is found along the banks of shady woodland streams throughout the county. These streams include the smallest forest trickles as well as the James River. (April 27 to August 23; A, L)

Hetaerina americana (American Rubyspot)

The American Rubyspot is found along the Moormans, Mechums, and Rivanna rivers, but is particularly abundant on the James River. Groups of them congregate around plants growing in sandy

CHILDRESS: ALBEMARLE COUNTY ODONATA 37

shallow places in the water. (May 11 to October 7; A, L)

Hetaerina titia (Smoky Rubyspot)

This species is found in the same locations and habitat as H. americana, although it is much less common than that species. I associate it more with willows and other tree branches overhanging the water than with plants growing in the water. (June 12 to October 7; A)

Lestidae (Spread-winged Damsels) Archilestes grandis (Great Spreadwing)

Kennedy (1977) reported that the first Virginia specimen of this primarily western species was collected in Charlottesville in October 1947. I have seen this damselfly at the Lowell Pond outlet stream, which is a typical spreadwing habitat. I have also captured it flying purposefully along Blufton Miull Road, far from any water. Those are my only two records of this species in the county. (September 30 to October 19; A)

Lestes australis (Southern Spreadwing)

I have found adults in a shallow overgrown temporary pond at Warren, several hundred meters from the James River. They generally perched on vegetation growing out of the water. (April 19 to May 24; A)

Lestes eurinus (Amber-winged Spreadwing)

The year that the Childress/Payne pond was constructed, Amber-winged Spreadwings were abundant there. Fish were introduced the next season and few of these damselflies were present. As the fish multiplied in subsequent years, this species is now only occasionally seen there. Amber-winged Spreadwings are aggressive predators of smaller damselflies, and I have observed them eating Orange Bluets (Enallagma signatum) and Fragile Forktails (Uschnura_ posita). (June 8 to July 14; A)

Lestes rectangularis (Slender Spreadwing)

My records for this species are from the Ivy Creek Natural Area, in a small marshy area just off the Red Trail, from the Childress/Payne pond, and also from the James River at Warren. (June 4 to August 25; A)

Lestes vigilax (Swamp Spreadwing)

In Albemarle County, this is the most common Spreadwing. It can be commonly found in dense vegetation at the edges of farm ponds, and I have seen many of them in the wet woods at Gilbert Crossing. They are most common in the late summer, but adults can be seen in May. (May 17 to October 10; A)

Coenagrionidae (Narrow-winged Damsels) Amphiagrion saucium (Eastern Red Damsel)

Reported by Roble (1994) from Albemarle County on the basis of a specimen collected by Richard Hoffman in May 1948 in Charlottesville (S. Roble, pers. comm.). I have not encountered this species in the county.

Argia apicalis (Blue-fronted Dancer)

This species is found along the banks of the Moormans, Mechums, Rivanna, and James rivers. I have seen females in forests above the South Rivanna Reservoir at the Ivy Creek Natural Area. (May 16 to July 28; A)

Argia fumipennis violacea (Violet Dancer)

From May to October this is a common and widespread species, typically found in vegetation around ponds and slow-moving streams. (May 15 to October 3; A)

Argia moesta (Powdered Dancer)

Sitting on rocks in streams and rivers of all sizes, Powdered Dancers are quite common around flowing water. I have occasionally seen them at farm ponds, including the Lowell pond and the Childress/Payne pond. (May 16 to September 23; A, L)

Argia sedula (Blue-ringed Dancer)

In overhanging plants along the Moormans, Mechums, Rivanna, and James rivers, this damselfly is widespread. (June 7 to September 22; A)

Argia tibialis (Blue-tipped Dancer)

I have seen Blue-tipped Dancers on both the Moormans and James rivers. They are not as common in the county as some of the other Argia species. (June 7 to July 14; A)

38 BANISTERIA

Argia translata (Dusky Dancer)

This is another river species found on_ the Moormans, Mechums, and Rivanna rivers, typically in vegetation in or near the water. (May 25 to August 26; A)

Enallagma aspersum (Azure Bluet)

I have seen Azure Bluets at both the Lowell pond and the Childress/Payne pond, but they were particularly abundant at the latter pond before fish were first introduced. They appeared in _ large numbers shortly after that pond was built, but as the fish have become established, their numbers have become much reduced. (April 21 to September 23; A)

Enallagma basidens (Double-striped Bluet)

From early May until October, this bluet is widely found at farm ponds, including Chapel Springs Farm pond, Childress/Payne pond, and the Lowell pond. (May 2 to October 14; A)

Enallagma civile (Familiar Bluet)

From late May through the summer I see Familiar Bluets around the edges of farm ponds. Their numbers seem greater by September and this is the latest damselfly that I have observed in the fall. (May 24 to November 21; A)

Enallagma daeckii (Attenuated Bluet)

I have collected this species at the Lowell pond and seen it there one other time. This is the most inland record known in Virginia (Lam, 2004; S. Roble, pers. comm.). (June 5 to July 15; A)

Enallagma divagans (Turquoise Bluet)

In May and June I see this species around farm ponds and in the slow-moving inlet stream at the top of Chapel Springs Farm pond. (May 6 to June 10; A)

Enallagma exsulans (Stream Bluet) As well as on the Moormans, Mechums, and James

rivers, | have seen this common bluet on farm ponds. (May 24 to September 3; A)

NO. 43, 2014

Enallagma geminatum (Skimming Bluet)

This is a common farm pond bluet, typically found close to the water, on or near emergent vegetation. (May 2 to September 17; A)

Enallagma signatum (Orange Bluet)

Common at farm ponds over a relatively long season, I often see Orange Bluets holding onto grasses or rushes just above the water, with their bodies held horizontal like a pennant extended from a pole. (April 21 to October 14; A)

Enallagma traviatum traviatum (Slender Bluet)

This is another common denizen of farm ponds in the county. (May 25 to July 12; A)

Enallagma vesperum (Vesper Bluet)

I have seen Vesper Bluets at both the Lowell pond and the Childress/Payne pond at around dusk. They typically alight on floating mats of pondweed out in the water, but I also captured a mating pair in a small tree on the shore. (May 22 to September 15; A)

Ischnura hastata (Citrine Forktail)

I only see this damselfly occasionally, and it tends to be somewhat inconspicuous, low in heavy vegetation in damp places around farm ponds, including the Lowell pond, Childress/Payne pond, and Chapel Springs Farm pond. (April 21 to September 16; A)

Ischnura kellicotti (Lilypad Forktail)

My only record is of several adults perched on lily pads at Chapel Springs Farm pond. (May 30; A)

Ischnura posita (Fragile Forktail)

This is by far the most common of the forktails in Albemarle County. It is likely to be found low in heavy vegetation near any body of water. It is abroad from spring through fall. (March 22 to October 19; A)

Ischnura verticalis (Eastern Forktail) Much less common than the Fragile Forktail, this

damselfly can often be found at farm ponds in similar habitat. (March 24 to November 8; A)

CHILDRESS: ALBEMARLE COUNTY ODONATA 39

DISCUSSION

Understanding of the distribution of Odonata species in Virginia has come from a combination of somewhat spotty data and educated extrapolation of that data. This paper combines the known historical records with new observations to present a more complete and systematic record for Albemarle County, showing that nearly half of the Virginia Odonata fauna occurs in this county.

It is likely that additional species are present in the county but yet to be documented. Some of the possible species to be discovered include Gomphaeschna furcillata (Harlequin Darner), Boyeria grafiana (Ocellated Darner), Gomphus lineatifrons (Splendid Clubtail), Lanthus vernalis (Southern Pygmy Clubtail), Stylurus amnicola (Riverine Clubtail), Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis (Rusty Snaketail), Cordulegaster obliqua (Arrowhead Spiketail), Somatochlora linearis (Mocha

Emerald), Neurocordulia obsoleta (Umber Shadowdragon), Libellula flavida (Yellow-sided Skimmer), Sympetrum rubicundulum (Ruby

Meadowhawk), Lestes congener (Spotted Spreadwing), Lestes forcipatus (Sweetflag Spreadwing), Argia bipunctulata (Seepage Dancer), Chromagrion conditum (Aurora Damsel), and WNehalennia _ integricollis (Southern Sprite). Locations especially worthy of further study include farm ponds in the southeastern portion of the county that might be at the western range limit for some species, mountain streams like Jones Run and the North and South Forks of the Moormans River, and both forested and open seepage areas. I believe there are additional species to be found in and around the James River.

There remains a large opportunity for naturalists around the state to make a significant contribution to our knowledge of Odonata distribution. It is important to both document this information and to make it available to others so that we can advance our collective knowledge of these remarkable animals.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project owes a great deal to the help of Steve

Roble of the Virginia Natural Heritage Program in Richmond, whose advice, help with identifications,

familiarity with existing records and literature, and general encouragement have been essential.

LITERATURE CITED

Bedell, P., & A. Chazal. 1999. Dythemis velox, a new species for Virginia. Argia 11(3): 4-5.

Carle, F. L. 1982. A contribution to the knowledge of the Odonata. Ph.D. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. 1,095 pp.

Kennedy, J. H. 1977. The occurrence of Archilestes grandis Rambur (Zygoptera: Lestidae) in Virginia. Entomological News 88: 215-216.

Lam, E. 2004. Damselflies of the Northeast. Biodiversity Books, Forest Hills, NY. 96 pp.

Nelson, W. A. 1962. Geology and Mineral Resources of Albemarle County. Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin 77. 92 pp.

Roble, S. M. 1994. A preliminary checklist of the damselflies of Virginia, with notes on distribution and seasonality (Odonata: Zygoptera). Banisteria 4: 3-23.

Roble, S. M. 2014. Distribution and relative abundance of Gomphus dilatatus (Blackwater Clubtail) at the northern limit of its range in Virginia. Argia 26(1): 16- 18.

Roble, S. M., F. L. Carle, & O. S. Flint, Jr. 2009. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of the Laurel Fork Recreation Area, George Washington National Forest, Highland County, Virginia: Possible evidence for climate change. Pp. 365-399 in S. M. Roble & J. C. Mitchell (eds.), A Lifetime of Contributions to Myriapodology and the Natural History of Virginia: A Festschrift in Honor of Richard L. Hoffman’s 80th Birthday. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 16, Martinsville, VA.

Roble, S. M., C. S. Hobson, & D. J. Stevenson. 1997. New distributional records for rare and uncommon Odonata in Virginia. Banisteria 9: 33-42.

Twelve Ground Beetles New to Virginia or the District of Columbia and an Annotated Checklist of the Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) from the George Washington Memorial Parkway

Brent W. Steury

U.S. National Park Service 700 George Washington Memorial Parkway Turkey Run Park Headquarters McLean, Virginia 22101

Peter W. Messer

4315 W. Riverlake Drive Mequon, Wisconsin 53092

ABSTRACT

One-hundred eighty-four species in 70 genera of geadephagan beetles (183 carabids and one rhysodid) were documented during a nine-year field survey of a national park site (George Washington Memorial Parkway) that spans parts of Fairfax and Arlington counties and the City of Alexandria in Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The capture of Elaphropus quadrisignatus (Duftschmid) represents the second record for the New World. Seven species, FE. quadrisignatus, Harpalus rubripes (Duftschmid), Microlestes pusio (LeConte), Platynus opaculus LeConte, Pterostichus permundus (Say), P. sculptus LeConte, and Scarites vicinus Chaudoir are documented for the first time from the Commonwealth. Seven species, Anisodactylus dulcicollis (LaFerté-Sénectére), Elaphropus anceps (LeConte), E. saturatus (Casey), Oodes americanus Dejean, P. permundus, S. vicinus, and Tachys potomaca (Erwin) are documented for the first time from the District of Columbia. The study increases the number of geadephagan beetles known from the Potomac River Gorge to 255 species and the number from Virginia to 543 taxa. Hand picking and Malaise traps proved to be the most successful capture methods of the eight methods employed during the survey. Periods of adult activity, based on dates of capture, are given for each species. Relative abundance is noted for each species based on the number of captures. Notes on morphological characteristics and habitats are given for some species. Phloeoxena signata (Dejean) was the only species found in the study area that appears on the state list of rare animals of Virginia. Eight species are adventive to North America.

Key words: Carabidae, Coleoptera, District of Columbia, Geadephaga, ground beetles, national park, new state records, Potomac River Gorge, Virginia.

INTRODUCTION

The Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga), which includes the families Trachypachidae, Rhysodidae, and Carabidae (including cicindelines) is a large group of primarily polyphagous beetles with estimates of nearly 40,000 species worldwide (Erwin, 1991). The carabids, or ground beetles, represent the vast majority of the group with more than 33,905 described species, and 2,635 species and subspecies inhabiting Nearctic North America (Ball & Bousquet, 2001). The rhysodids, or

wrinkled bark beetles contain 355 species, and the trachypachids, or false ground beetles, are represented by only six species found in Chile, northern Eurasia, and the western United States and Canada (Bousquet, 2012).

Even within the Carabidae there is high diversity in body form and habitat preferences. Body lengths range from just over | mm to nearly 100 mm. Some species are blind whereas others have large eyes. Some possess well developed wings and are strong fliers. Others are flightless and have short or rudimentary wings, and

STEURY & MESSER: GROUND BEETLES 4]

some are wing-polymorphic. Carabids occupy nearly every conceivable niche. Some are strong diggers and can be found in subsurface habitats, some are cave specialists, and others are primarily arboreal. They are found in swamps and marshes, upland forests and deserts, from below sea level to 5,300 m elevation (Mani, 1968). It is not uncommon to find carabids in human habitations. Many species overwinter as adults. Adults live two to four years and the life cycle is completed within one year. Pupation occurs in the ground (Ball & Bousquet, 2001). Carabid fossils are common in Quaternary age deposits, many representing extant species, and have been found in sediments as old as the late Tertiary Period (Matthews, 1979; Matthews & Telka, 1997).

The family is popular among collectors worldwide, no less so in Virginia. The first attempt to compile a list of Geadephaga from the Commonwealth was made by Bousquet & Larochelle (1993), who attributed 446 carabid taxa and four rhysodid species to Virginia. Davidson (1995) solidified this list and increased the total to 453 carabid species. Anderson et al. (1995) raised the species tally to 458 species. Knisley & Schultz (1997) added three Cicindela bringing the total to 461 species. Hoffman (1997) added one species, Phloeoxena signata (Dejean), to the total. Hoffman (1998) added Pterostichus pensylvanicus LeConte and deleted Pterostichus adstrictus Eschscholtz from the carabid fauna of the Commonwealth. Hoffman & Roble (2000) and Hoffman et al. (2006) added 44 carabid species to the fauna of the Commonwealth, raising the total to 506 species. Evans (2009) added the European exotic Calosoma sycophanta (Linnaeus), and Hoffman (2010) added four other carabids. With the publication of Bousquet (2012) the number of Geadephaga recorded from the Commonwealth reached 531 taxa, giving Virginia (tied with Ontario) the fifth most species-rich geadephagan fauna of all political regions in the United States and Canada. Roble & Hoffman (2012) broke the tie with Ontario by the discovery of three carabids and one rhysodid beetle new to the Virginia fauna, bringing the total to 535 taxa (528 species and seven subspecies), including 530 carabids and five rhysodids. Roble & Hoffman (2012) also provided a table summarizing the citations for the various additions and deletions to the Virginian geadephagan list since the records added by Hoffman et al. (2006).

This study sought to add to the distributional knowledge of the geadephagan fauna by compiling records, documented with a voucher specimen, from a national park in northern Virginia, George Washington Memorial Parkway (GWMP), and to determine whether any federally or state listed rare, threatened or

endangered Geadephaga occur within the study site. Currently, there are 64 Geadephaga, all carabid species, listed as rare, threatened or endangered in Virginia, the vast majority of these occurring in the genera Pseudanophthalmus (including 13 unnamed species) or Cicindela (Roble, 2013).

STUDY SITE

The study site includes lands managed by the National Park Service as units of the George Washington Memorial Parkway (GWMP) in Virginia (Fairfax and Arlington counties and the City of Alexandria) and the District of Columbia. Park sites that received the greatest inventory effort included: in Fairfax County, Claude Moore Colonial Farm, Collingwood Picnic Area, Dyke Marsh Wildlife Refuge, Fort Hunt Park, Fort Marcy, Great Falls Park, Little Hunting Creek, Riverside Park, and Turkey Run Park; in Arlington County, Arlington Woods (at Arlington House), the Potomac Heritage Trail, and Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary; in the City of Alexandria, Daingerfield Island and Jones Point Park; and in the District of Columbia, Columbia Island and Theodore Roosevelt Island. This area _ covers approximately 1,615 ha. Great Falls and Turkey Run parks and some of the Potomac Heritage Trail fall within the Piedmont physiographic province while all other collection sites are on the Coastal Plain. Most sites are situated along the shore of the Potomac River, and Great Falls and Turkey Run Parks and the Potomac Heritage Trail border the Potomac River Gorge, an area known for high species richness of plants and animals (Cohn, 2004). Most of the study sites are dominated by maturing, second growth, primarily upland, deciduous woodlands. More open habitats can be found in moist, narrow, herbaceous dominated bands along the shore of Potomac River, in the swamp and marsh habitats at Dyke Marsh, and in areas with managed turf grass and scattered large trees, such as Collingwood Picnic Area and Fort Hunt Park. The vascular flora of the GWMP is diverse, with more than 1,313 taxa recorded, 1,020 from Great Falls Park alone (Steury et al., 2008; Steury, 2011).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The number of geadephagan species documented from GWMP has grown since the first inventory targeting these families occurred in Great Falls and Turkey Run parks on three days in 2006 during the Potomac Gorge Bioblitz, which documented 30 species (Evans, 2008). The current list of 184 species is the result of approximately nine years (2004-summer 2013)

42 BANISTERIA

of sporadic survey effort targeting arthropods using eight collecting techniques as follows: yellow, blue, and white pan traps in Great Falls Park (two years); Malaise traps set at Dyke Marsh (five years), and Great Falls and Turkey Run parks (three years); pit-fall traps set at Dyke Marsh (five years) and at Little Hunting Creek and Great Falls and Turkey Run Parks (three years); Lindgren funnel and black-light (UV) bucket traps set at Dyke Marsh, Great Falls Park, Little Hunting Creek, and Turkey Run Park (two years); black-light shown on sheets at Great Falls and Turkey Run parks (three years); leaf litter samples from Arlington Woods, Dyke Marsh, Fort Marcy, Great Falls Park, Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary, and Turkey Run Park, processed in Berlese funnels (two years); beating sheets used during the Potomac Gorge Bioblitz and sporadically at other times over two years; and collecting by hand at all sites, intensively for two years. Specimens were pinned and labeled and deposited in the collections maintained at the George Washington Memorial Parkway, Turkey Run Park Headquarters in McLean, Virginia. To determine new Virginia records we reviewed the literature associated with the citations listed in the introduction. To determine carabid records new for the Potomac River Gorge we reviewed publications by Stork (1984), Erwin (1981), Steiner & Erwin (2007), Brown (2008), Evans (2008), and Bousquet & Messer (2010). Habitat associations and notes on life history were made for specimens collected by hand or found in leaf litter samples filtered through Berlese funnels.

RESULTS

A total of 184 geadephagan species (183 carabids and one rhysodid) in 70 genera and 30 tribes was documented from GWMP. Seven species, Elaphropus quadrisignatus (Duftschmid), Harpalus rubripes (Duftschmid), Microlestes pusio (LeConte), Platynus opaculus LeConte, Pterostichus permundus (Say), P. sculptus LeConte, and Scarites vicinus Chaudoir, are reported here as new records for Virginia. A female, tentatively identified as Loxandrus circulus Allen, may represent an eighth species new to the Commonwealth. Seven carabids, Anisodactylus dulcicollis (LaFerté- Sénectére), Elaphropus anceps (LeConte), E. saturatus (Casey), Oodes americanus Dejean, P. permundus, S. vicinus, and Tachys potomaca (Erwin), are new to the District of Columbia. These new records increase the number of carabid beetles known from Virginia to 543 taxa (however the record for L. circulus needs confirmation), and the number known from the District of Columbia increases to 350 taxa. With a total of 543 taxa, Virginia surpasses the total reported for North

NO. 43, 2014

Carolina in Bousquet (2012), giving Virginia the fourth most species-rich geadephagan fauna of all political regions in the United States and Canada. One species, Phloeoxena signata (Dejean), is listed as rare (S3) in Virginia (Roble, 2013). Eight species are adventive to North America.

The 184 geadephagan beetles collected from GWMP surpasses the number of species listed for some of the most studied sites in Virginia and Maryland. These sites include Quantico Marine Corps Base in adjacent Prince William and _ Stafford counties, Virginia, with 114 species (Hoffman, 2010), and Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge in Kent County, Maryland, with 80 species (Staines & Staines, 2011). Carabid inventories between 1970 and 1984 on Plummers Island in the Potomac River Gorge of Montgomery County, Maryland, yielded 117 species (Erwin, 1981; Stork, 1984). However, 214 carabid beetle species have been collected on Plummers Island over the last 100 years based on literature reviews and historical collections at the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (Brown, 2008; Erwin, 1981). Forty-nine species documented from GWMP are not known to occur on Plummers Island. Of these, 37 were documented for the first time along the Potomac River Gorge within 6 km north or south of Plummers Island. These species, plus three others (Acupalpus indistinctus Dejean, Agonum punctiforme [Say], and Amphasia sericea [Harris]) reported from the Potomac River Gorge by Evans (2008), and the addition of Agonoleptus thoracicus (Casey) by Bousquet & Messer (2010), bring the total number of carabids documented from the Potomac River Gorge to 255 species. The report of Scaphinotus viduus (Dejean) from the Potomac River Gorge by Evans (2008) is based on a misidentified specimen of S. unicolor (Fabricius). The records for Trichotichnus dichrous (Dejean) in Evans (2008), a species not seen in the Potomac River Gorge since 1932, are based on misidentified specimens of Selenophorus opalinus (LeConte).

Anderson et al. (1995) suggested that the high number of carabids found on Plummers Island (many represented by just a few specimens) may be the result of random flight dispersal or downstream transport by high water, but the rediscovery of 40 of these species during this study, or by Evans (2008), suggests that most of them are rare, persistent residents of the Potomac River Gorge. Despite over nine years of sporadic survey effort using eight collecting techniques, 46 species (25%) documented by this study are represented by a single specimen. The GWMP sites with the highest species richness were Great Falls Park with 118 (26 unique to this site), Turkey Run Park with

STEURY & MESSER: GROUND BEETLES 43

110 (23), and Dyke Marsh Wildlife Refuge with 55 (12). Hand picking proved to be the most successful method of capturing carabid beetles during this study, yielding 134 species, including 50 captured only using this method. Comparable figures for other sampling methods were: Malaise traps, 83 (19 unique); Berlese funnels, 37 (3); black lights, 35 species (7); and pit-fall traps 31 (6). The capture of 83 species in Malaise traps suggests that these species may be strong fliers with substantial dispersal power, although these traps also captured a few species such as Myas coracinus (Say) and Pterostichus tristis (Dejean) that are not known to have flight abilities (Larochelle & Lariviére, 2003). The 68 species captured only in pit-fall traps or by hand picking may indicate that these species fly less readily or not at all, although a number of infrequently collected species (Agonum striatopunctatum Dejean, Anisodactylus — rusticus (Say), Apristus — latens (LeConte), Bembidion americanum Dejean, B. castor Lindroth, B. lacunarium (Zimmermann), B. levigatum Say, B. rolandi Fall, Brachinus fumans (Fabricius), Bradycellus atrimedeus (Say), Chlaenius cordicollis Kirby, C. impunctifrons Say, C. laticollis Say, C. sericeus (Forster), Cicindela tranquebarica tranquebarica Herbst, C. repanda repanda Dejean, etc.), Dyschirius sphaericollis (Say), Elaphrus californicus Mannerheim, and a more common one (Bembidion honestum Say), that are noted as strong fliers (Larochelle & Lariviére, 2003) also were captured only using these two methods. Species collected between mid-November and mid-March probably overwintered as adults, although many of these same species may overwinter as larvae as well.

Most native carabid beetle species recorded from GWMP have wide north-south ranges within their eastern United States distributions. However, a few species such as Cyclotrachelus furtivus (LeConte), Microlestes pusio (LeConte), Scarites vicinus Chaudoir, and Tachys potomaca (Erwin) are less widely distributed and restricted to, or rare within, the Mid- Atlantic area. The ten most commonly collected carabids during this study, in decreasing order of abundance, were Stenolophus ochropezus_ (Say), Agonum punctiforme, Bembidion affine Say, Pterostichus sculptus WLeConte, Bembidion fugax (LeConte), Elaphropus saturatus (Casey), Cicindela sexguttata Fabricius, Chlaenius aestivus Say, Agonoleptus conjunctus (Say), and Platynus tenuicollis (LeConte) (see list of species for number of each species captured). The most common genera were Bembidion (18 species), Agonum and Anisodactylus (9), Chlaenius and Elaphropus (8), Lebia and Pterostichus (7), and Amara (6).

Surprising omissions from this inventory based on

their abundance and recent (circa 1975) presence on Plummers Island include the following 15 species: Agonum rigidulum (Casey), A. tenue (LeConte), Badister notatus Haldeman, Calathus gregarius (Say), Cyclotrachelus approximatus (LeConte), Dicaelus ambiguus lLaFerté-Sénectere, D. politus Dejean, Dromius piceus Dejean, Dyschirius pilosus LeConte, Elaphropus incurvus (Say), Harpalus faunus Say, Olisthopus micans LeConte, Pterostichus caudicalis (Say), Stenolophus comma _ (Fabricius), and Trichotichnus vulpeculus (Say). The absence of these species after nine years of survey effort is even more surprising considering that 73.3% are macropterous and most are strong fliers.

LIST OF SPECIES

Taxa are listed by family and tribe following the nomenclature and taxonomic order used by Bousquet (2012). Seven carabid species new to _ the Commonwealth of Virginia, and one potentially new (Loxandrus nr. circulus Allen), are marked by a dagger (+). Seven species new to the District of Columbia are marked with a double dagger (1). Thirty-seven carabid species found along the Potomac River Gorge that were previously unrecorded from the Gorge are marked with an asterisk (*). Forty-nine species found during this study that have not been found on Plummers Island are marked with an exclamation point (!). Eight species non-native to North America are signified with a diamond (). The number of specimens in the collection is indicated in parentheses after each taxon. Sites where specimens were collected are given for the District of Columbia: Columbia Island (CI), Theodore Roosevelt Island (RI); Arlington County, Virginia: Arlington Woods (AW), Potomac Heritage Trail (PH), Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary (RR); City of Alexandria, Virginia: Daingerfield Island (DI), Jones Point Park (JP); and Fairfax County, Virginia: Claude Moore Colonial Farm (CM), Collingwood Picnic Area (CP), Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve (DM), Fort Hunt Park (FH), Fort Marcy (FM), Great Falls Park (GF), Little Hunting Creek (LH), Riverside Park (RP) and Turkey Run Park (TR). Collection methods are listed using the following abbreviations: Berlese funnel (bf); beating sheet (bs); black light (UV) traps or sheets (bl); hand picking, including the use of coverboards and splashing soil with water (hp); Lindgren funnel (If); Malaise trap (mt); pan trap (pt); and pit-fall trap (pf). The periods of adult activity are given based on dates when live collected taxa have been documented in the park. Dates separated by a hyphen indicate that the taxon was documented on at least one day during each month within this continuum of months, whereas dates

44 BANISTERIA

separated by a comma represent individual observation dates. For traps set over multiple weeks, the first day of the set is used as the earliest date and the last day of the set as the latest date. Species found during this survey that have not been collected from the Potomac River Gorge within the last 70 years are indicated by the abbreviation “PRG” followed by the year of the last known collection. The habitats of taxa collected by hand or in leaf litter samples are described along with other notes on the species’ biology. References to “woods” or “woodlands” mean upland deciduous forests unless indicated otherwise.

RHYSODIDAE CLINIDUNI

Clinidium sculptile (Newman)—(10); FM, GF, TR; bf, hp; 14 Apr - 16 May; PRG 1917; on tree trunk at night; under bark; leaf litter in woods.

CARABIDAE NEBRIINI

Nebria lacustris Casey—(7); GF, TR; bl, hp; 15 Sep-15 Oct; creek mouth, gravelly, silt and cobble shore; rocky, non-tidal river shore with sand and _ silt. Gregarious, usually in groups of three to five, or sometimes solitary, sometimes with N. pallipes.

Nebria pallipes Say—(5); TR; hp; 6 May, 15-26 Sep; rocky, non-tidal river shore with sand and silt; creek mouth with gravel, silt, and cobble; creek mouth under rock on silty sand. A subteneral specimen was captured on 6 May 2006.

NOTIOPHILINI

Notiophilus aeneus (Herbst)-(5); GF; pf; 11 Apr-29 Jun.

Notiophilus novemstriatus LeConte-(2); GF, TR; hp; 20 May, 25 Sep; under coverboard at edge of woods; in gravelly soil at edge of road.

Notiophilus semistriatus Say—(1); GF; bs; 24 Jun; PRG 1918; captured while presumably climbing vegetation.

CYCHRINI

Sphaeroderus stenostomus lecontei Dejean—(12); AW, FM, GF, TR; bf, hp, pf; 19 Mar-15 Jul; under log in woods; leaf litter in woods.

Scaphinotus unicolor (Fabricius)—(4); GF; hp, pf; 11-27 Apr, 24 Jun, 21 Sep-13 Oct; PRG 1943; woods in leaf

NO. 43, 2014

litter. This large and brilliantly violaceous variant of S. unicolor known in the Potomac River region was previously assigned to subspecies S. unicolor shoemakeri Leng, but that name _ was_ recently synonymized with nominate S. unicolor.

CARABINI

Calosoma scrutator (Fabricius)—(1); FH; hp; 10 Aug; dead in pavilion.

Carabus vinctus (Weber)-(3); GF; hp; 17 Apr, 24 Aug; PRG 1914; under log at swamp edge; on dirt road.

CICINDELINI

Cicindela punctulata punctulata Olivier—(1); TR; hp; 5 Jul; PRG 1918; found dead in parking lot.

!Cicindela tranquebarica tranquebarica Herbst-(1); FH; hp; 19 Sep; edge of turf grass and dirt infield of baseball diamond.

Cicindela sexguttata Fabricius—(32); GF, LH, TR; hp, pf, mt; 10 Apr-30 Jul; on trail in woods.

Cicindela repanda repanda Dejean—(5); GF, TR; hp; 22-23 May, 11-26 Sep; sand bank along river.

ELAPHRINI

Elaphrus_ californicus Mannerheim—(3); TR; hp; 30 May; non-tidal river channel shore on silty sand.

Elaphrus ruscarius Say—(2); DM, TR; hp, mt; 19 Apr- 30 May; non-tidal river channel shore on silty sand.

OMOPHRONINI

Omophron americanum Dejean-(4); TR; hp; 23-30 May, 29 Aug; non-tidal river channel shore on silty sand.

SCARITINI

Tt*!Scarites vicinus Chaudoir-(6); GF, RI, TR; bl, hp, pf; 27 Apr-25 Jun, 30 Aug-6 Sep; sandy woodland under log; creek mouth with cobble, silt and driftwood; under log in dry woods. A teneral specimen was captured on 30 August 2012 in Great Falls Park. This species has a generally Midwestern distribution along the Mississippi River drainages reaching eastward to Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and now Virginia. These records are the first for the East Coast of the United

STEURY & MESSER: GROUND BEETLES 45

States. The nearly identical S$. quadriceps Chaudoir has been reported from adjacent Maryland and North Carolina, but not Virginia. Specimens from GWMP demonstrate relatively equal ratios of metasternum length to metacoxa length (measured through the same maximum longitudinal line) as is similarly observed in typical S. vicinus from the Midwestern United States. In typical S$. quadriceps, the metasternum is visibly longer compared to the metacoxa.

Scarites subterraneus Fabricius—(7); CP, RI, TR; hp; 13 May-23 Jun, 29 Aug-11 Sep; under log in woods; creek mouth with cobble, silt, and driftwood; woodland edge under coverboard; sandy woods under log; in building.

CLIVININI

Clivina dentipes Dejean—(13); GF, PH, TR; bl, hp; 15 May-25 Sep; rocky non-tidal shore with sand and silt; non-tidal shore with sand and cobble; tidal shore on silty sand under river drift; woodland edge under coverboard.

!Clivina pallida Say—(1); AW; bf; 14 May; leaf litter in woods.

Clivina americana Dejean—(7); GF; bl, hp, mt; 17 Apr- 23 Jun, 30 Aug; riverside sand and cobble; under streamside rock in woods.

Paraclivina bipustulata (Fabricius)-(8); AW, GF; bf, bl; 14 May-23 Jun; leaf litter in woods.

Paraclivina ferrea (LeConte)—(1); RI; hp; 15 May; PRG 1903; sandy tidal beach under driftwood.

*!Schizogenius amphibius (Haldeman)—(6); DM, JP, RI; hp; 2 May, 20 Jun, 6 Sep; sandy tidal shore under cobble. The Potomac River Gorge specimen was found at the mouth of the gorge on the northern shore of Theodore Roosevelt Island.

Schizogenius lineolatus (Say)—(18); DM, GF, TR; hp; 15-30 May, 30 Aug-18 Sep; rocky non-tidal beach with sand and silt; river shore with cobble and driftwood; sandy tidal beach with cobble; sandy non-tidal beach with silt cakes and sparse vegetation.

!Ardistomis obliquata Putzeys—(8); DM; bf, hp, mt; 15 Apr-6 Jun; gravelly tidal shore on log in patch of Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla.; in leaf litter near water.

Semiardistomis viridis (Say)—(25), DM, GF, PH, RI; bf,

hp, mt; 15 May-21 Oct; rocky non-tidal shore with silt and gravel; sandy tidal shore with cobble; leaf litter near water.

DYSCHIRUNI

Dyschirius haemorrhoidalis (Dejean)-(5); DM, GF, TR; bl, hp; 30 May-30 Jul, 9 Sep; river shore on sand and clay; non-tidal river channel on silty sand.

Dyschirius sphaericollis (Say)(4); GF, TR; hp; 20-30 May; sandy non-tidal river shore; non-tidal river channel shore on silty sand.

BEMBIDINI

Bembidion nigrum Say—(2); TR; hp; 29 Aug-9 Sep; PRG 1906; creek mouth on sand and clay.

Bembidion inaequale Say—(7); GF; TR; hp, mt; 10 Apr- 20 May, 29 Aug; non-tidal shore with sand, mud and sparse vegetation; creek mouth on clay bank.

Bembidion americanum Dejean—(1); GF; hp; 9 Sep; PRG 1906; non-tidal river shore with cobble and drift wood.

*!Bembidion antiquum Dejean—(7); DM, RI, TR; hp, mt; 12 Apr-22 May, 25 Sep; non-tidal shore with cobble, silt and driftwood; tidal sandy beach under driftwood; rocky shore with sand and silt. This species and the next two are members of the subgenus Pseudoperyphus, a diagnostically challenging group when not comparing male genitalia (Maddison, 2008). It is possible that the record of B. chalceum Dejean from the Potomac River Gorge reported by Stork (1984) and cited by Brown (2008) was actually B. antiquum, which at that time was thought by some authors to be a synonym of B. chalceum. Our identification of B. antiquum is based on_ the combination of geographic location, body length > 6.0 mm, appendages partly pale, pronotum moderately convex with lateral borders well rounded and sinuate to base, elytra with posterior punctures non-foveate, intervals flat, weakly impressed elytral striae which tend to vanish apically, and elytral microsculpture mesh with a tendency to be stretched transversely. Dissected genitalia of two males each demonstrated the characteristic widely sinuate flagellum-like structure located inside the median lobe. This species bears close resemblance to the widespread B. chalceum, which was reported from the Potomac River region by Stork (1984) and Maddison (2008). However, no specimens from this inventory fit typical B. chalceum which is

46 BANISTERIA

distinguished by its smaller size (< 6.0 mm long), a pronotum that is quite convex with deep basolateral depressions, and elytra with intervals distinctly convex and with striae extended deeply to apex.

Bembidion honestum Say-—(11); GF, TR; hp; 16-22 May, 18-26 Sep; non-tidal rocky beach with sand and silt; cobble, silt and driftwood at creek mouth; silty sand under rock at creek mouth. Identification of B. honestum is based here on the combination of geographic location, body length of 5.5 - 6.0 mm, pronotum being relatively broad and flat with basolateral depressions that are very shallow, pronotal luster relatively dull, elytra with posterior punctures more or less foveate, elytral striae distinctly engraved to apex, and elytral microsculpture mesh _ nearly isodiametric.

!Bembidion rothfelsi Maddison—(4); DM, RP; hp; 3-15 May; tidal sandy beach; tidal sandy cobble beach with Schoenoplectus pungens; tidal shore with cobble and sand. Identification of B. rothfelsi is based on the combination of geographic location and, in comparison to otherwise similar B. antiquum, the pronotum is narrower, the pronotal outline is less rounded, the reflexed pronotal margin is narrower, the elytra intervals are not as flat, and the striae, although rather thin, are less diminished apically. Consistent with the descriptions in Maddison (2008), our one male specimen was observed to have its intragenitalic flagellum less bent, therefore less sinuate as compared to that of B. antiquum.

*!0Bembidion tetracolum tetracolum Say—(1); PH; hp; 11 Sep; sandy beach under vegetation washed ashore.

Bembidion lacunarium (Zimmermann)—(1); TR; hp; 6 May; PRG 1905; creek edge.

Bembidion affine Say—(37); CP, DM, GF, RI, TR; bl, hp, mt; 31 Jan, 9 May-24 Oct; non-tidal shore with cobble, silt, and driftwood; non-tidal shore with sand and clay; tidal shore with gravel and cobble. A sub- teneral specimen was captured on 29 August 2013.

Bembidion impotens Casey—(10); DM, GF, PH, RI, TR; hp, mt; 9 Aug-11 Oct; non-tidal river shore with cobble and driftwood; sandy tidal shore; creek mouth with sand and clay.

Bembidion castor Lindroth-(8); GF, PH, TR; hp; 20 May, 29 Aug-25 Sep; moist sandy shore under vegetation; non-tidal river shore with cobble and driftwood; non-tidal rocky shore with sand and silt;

NO. 43, 2014

non-tidal shore with sand, mud, and sparse vegetation.

Bembidion patruele Dejean—(3); DM, TR; hp, mt; 6-20 Jun, 9-26 Sep; creek mouth with sand and clay; silty sandy shore under rock.

Bembidion rapidum (LeConte)—-(6); DM, TR; mt; 8-23 May, 16 Jul-11 Oct.

*!Bembidion frontale (LeConte)-(1); TR; mt; 1-22 May.

Bembidion levigatum Say—(1); PH; hp; 17 June; tidal shore with silty sand and clay.

Bembidion variegatum Say—(6); GF, TR; hp; 20-23 May; non-tidal shore with sand, mud and _ sparse vegetation; muddy shore of river channel.

Bembidion fugax (LeConte)—(34); GF, RI, TR; hp, mt; 10 Apr-23 May, 9-18 Sep; rocky shore with sand and silt; non-tidal shore with cobble, sand, and driftwood; non-tidal river shore with sand and clay; sandy tidal beach under driftwood.

*!Bembidion rolandi Fall—(5); GF; hp; 16 May, 18 Sep; non-tidal beach under rock on gravelly, silty, sand; creek mouth with cobble and driftwood.

Mioptachys flavicauda (Say)—(24); AW, DM, GF, TR; bf, bs, mt; 14 Apr-23 May, 27-29 Aug; riverside prairie; leaf litter in woods. Considering the relatively large number of captures of this minute (1.5-1.8 mm) beetle, it is probably very common in the study area.

Tachyta inornata (Say)—(11); AW, GF, TR; bf, hp, mt; 10-30 Apr, 15 Dec; PRG 1905; under loose bark of fallen Liriodendron tulipifera L.; leaf litter in woods.

t*!Elaphropus anceps (LeConte)—-(12); AW, GF, JP, RI, TR; bf, hp; 15 Apr-30 May, 29 Aug-6 Sep; tidal shore on pure sand under log; tidal shore under rock on sand; non-tidal shore on silty sand; leaf litter in woods. This species has been documented from Virginia and Maryland, along with 32 other states, so it was to be expected in the District of Columbia.

!Elaphropus capax (LeConte)-(1); RP; hp; 9 May; sandy tidal beach under cobble.

tElaphropus saturatus (Casey)—(34); DM, JP, PH, RI, RP, TR; hp, mt; 12 Apr-20 Jun, 30 Aug-19 Sep; tidal shore on gravel bar under rock; tidal shore under cobble; creek mouth with cobble, silt, and driftwood;

STEURY & MESSER: GROUND BEETLES 47

tidal, sandy beach with cobble and Schoenoplectus pungens; tidal shore on silty sand under driftwood; rocky non-tidal shore with sand and silt. On 9 May 2012, at least 14 E. saturatus were found under a 30 x 30 cm rock on a cobble bar at Jones Point Park approximately 10 m from the tidal shore. As the tide ebbed, the cobble bar and rock, submerged at high tide, became exposed but were still entirely surrounded by water. The E. saturatus found under the rock on this cobble bar must have survived tidal submersion for at least six hours. Larochelle & Lariviére (2003) list the habitats of this species as banks of rivers and brooks, drier zone of lake shores, borders of marshes, cultivated fields, and open ground with moderately moist substrates and sparse vegetation, but make no mention of the species’ adaptation to long periods of submersion. This species was first documented from Virginia by Hoffman (2010). See E. vivax for a discussion on resolving the occasional difficulty in distinguishing that species from EF. saturatus on the basis of coloration.

Elaphropus tripunctatus (Say)—(15); GF, PH, RI, TR; hp, mt; 1-22 May, 9-19 Sep; PRG 1907; non-tidal rocky beach with sand and silt; river shore with cobble and driftwood; sandy tidal beach under driftwood.

Elaphropus vernicatus (Casey)—(2); PH; hp; 17 Apr, 17 Jun; sandy, silty, tidal shore under sticks.

Elaphropus vivax (LeConte)—(15); GF, TR; hp; 22 May-26 Jun, 29 Aug-25 Sep; non-tidal sandy river shore; non-tidal river shore on sand and clay; muddy shore under leaf litter; non-tidal shore with cobble, silt, and driftwood. Typical EF. vivax is uniformly yellowish- red and therefore readily distinguished in most cases from darker reddish-brown E. saturatus by noting the coloration of their forebodies, antennae, and palps (Bousquet, 2010). However, some individuals of E. saturatus from GWMP had those body parts sufficiently lighter in color so as to cause confusion with otherwise similar FE. vivax. A more reliable character for distinguishing these species is the degree of surface microsculpture (mesh) on the posterior half of the frons and laterally on the subapical abdominal sterna. Unlike E. saturatus, in which the mesh is distinct, in E. vivax the mesh is obscure to absent on the posterior frons and on the subapical sterna, thereby rendering those areas very shiny under microscopy. A teneral and two sub-teneral specimens were captured on 29 August 2013.

Elaphropus xanthopus (Dejean)—(19); AW, DI, DM, FH, GF, JP, PH, RI, TR; bf, bl, hp, mt, pt; 10 Apr-26

Sep; moist upland depression under log; rocky non-tidal shore with gravel, silt, and sand; creek mouth with cobble, silt, and drift wood; riverside prairie; under thin soil over concrete, leaf litter in woods. Surprisingly, this common beetle was not attributed to the Virginia fauna until Hoffman et al. (2006) noted it. The first records for Fairfax County were documented by Evans (2008). We report the first records for Arlington County and the City of Alexandria. This is the only Elaphropus species that was found at sites away from river shores, with the exception of two specimens of E. anceps. It is reported from Plummers Island (Brown, 2008) under the synonym E. levipes (Casey).

+t*!QElaphropus quadrisignatus (Duftschmid)—(1); PH; hp; 17 Jun; tidal shore on silty sand under debris. This is the first record for Virginia and only the second known capture in the New World. The first capture occurred on 23 June 2010 at a UV light in Burlington County, New Jersey. The corresponding habitus images and collection data were posted on the website BugGuide.net by collector Tim Moyer. That specimen was examined, determined, and retained by P.W. Messer, who — subsequently received species corroboration from authority Terry Erwin based on his recognition of the distinct habitus images (pers. comm. 27 June 2012). This species is not listed in the North American catalogue by Bousquet (2012). According to Lébl & Smetana (2003), E. guadrisignatus has been documented from Europe, west to Portugal and the United Kingdom, north to Poland, east to Turkey and Cyprus, south to Macedonia and Italy and in northern Africa (Algeria and Morocco).

Polyderis laeva (Say)-(7); DM, GF, PH, RR; bf; 15 Apr, 19-21 Oct; PRG 1923; leaf litter in woods. This is the smallest carabid beetle collected at GWMP, measuring only 1.2 to 1.5 mm.

Tachys oblitus Casey—(21); AW, DM, GF, RP; bf, hp, mt; 11 May-30 Aug; 19-21 Oct; leaf litter near water; leaf litter in woods; non-tidal river shore with sand and cobble; sandy tidal shore under driftwood. The three specimens from Great Falls Park represent the second time this species has been found in the Potomac River Gorge, the first being from Plummers Island in 1960. These are the first records for Fairfax and Arlington counties based on the Virginia range documented by Roble & Hoffman (2012).

tTachys potomaca (Erwin)—(26); DM, GF, PH, RI, TR; bf, hp; 15 Apr-15 May; 6 Sep-21 Oct; leaf litter near water; leaf litter in woods; sandy tidal beach under log; tidal beach on sand and silt under moist leaf litter.

48 BANISTERIA

Described as a new species in 1981, the type locality for this brachypterous carabid is in the Potomac River Gorge. Its known range is restricted to five Mid- Atlantic states between Massachusetts and North Carolina with an inland station reported from Ohio. The District of Columbia is added here to the known range of the species.

Tachys proximus (Say)—(1); DM; mt; 20 Jun-2 Jul.

Tachys scitulus LeConte-—(18); DM, GF, PH, TR; bf, bl, hp, mt; 15 Apr-26 Sep; tidal shore on silty sand under driftwood; muddy non-tidal shore under leaf litter; creek mouth with cobble silt and driftwood; leaf litter near water. This wide ranging species was first recorded for Virginia by Hoffman et al. (2006). Evans (2008) documented the first record for Fairfax County and the Dyke Marsh specimens represent the second Coastal Plain records from Virginia (Hoffman, 2010). We add Arlington County to its known distribution in Virginia. A teneral specimen was captured in Turkey Run Park on 25 September 2012.

PATROBINI

Patrobus longicornis (Say)—(5); JP, PH, TR; hp; 9 May-26 Jun, 11-26 Sep; tidal shore, silty sand under driftwood; creek mouth, silty sand under rock; woods inside rotting log.

BRACHININI

Brachinus fumans (Fabricius)—(1); TR; hp; 9 Sep; PRG 1908; under coverboard at edge of woods.

ABACETINI

*!Loxandrus brevicollis (LeConte)-~(2); GF; hp, mt; 24 Apr-18 Jun; in moist leaf litter at edge of vernal pool.

tLoxandrus nr. circulus Allen192); GF; mt; 1-20 May. Geographically, L. circulus is the most probable of the five species belonging to a subset of the erraticus group that ends in couplet #74 for females in the taxonomic key by Allen (1972). Ranges for the other four species (L. cincinnati Casey, L. minor (Chaudoir), L. nitidulus (LeConte), L. robustus Allen) are relatively far removed from Virginia. Although L. circulus has not been previously recorded from Virginia, it is known from adjacent Plummers Island, Maryland. Globally, L. circulus is known only from a few localities in Maryland, the District of Columbia, northern Ohio, Mississippi, and Alabama (Bousquet, 2012).

NO. 43, 2014

*!Loxandrus vulneratus Casey—(3); CM, GF; bl, hp; 11 Mar, 25 May; under rock near vernal pool.

*!Loxandrus rectus (Say)—(1); GF; bl; 12 Jul. PTEROSTICHINI

Poecilus lucublandus (Say)—(15); CM, CP, FH, GF; hp, pf, mt; 8 Apr-29 Jun, 30 Aug-11 Nov; swamp under log; woodland edge under log; turf grass; parking lot; in building.

Gastrellarius honestus (Say)—(2); TR; hp; 14 Apr, 15 Dec; PRG 1922; under bark of fallen Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart.

Myas coracinus (Say)-(8); GF, LH, TR; hp, pf, mt; 6 Jun-17 Jul, 23 Sep-14 Nov; PRG 1923; rich woods under log; in building.

Pterostichus trinarius (Casey)—(18); GF, TR; hp, pf; 11 Apr-7 Jul, 23 Sep-13 Oct; under bark; on trail in woods.

Pterostichus coracinus (Newman)-—(2); GF, TR; pf; 16- 30 Jun, 23 Sep-13 Oct; PRG 1919. The report of this species by Evans (2008) from the Gorge is based on a misidentified P. stygicus.

Pterostichus stygicus (Say)—(19); FM, GF, LH, PH, TR; bf, hp; 16 May-23 Jun, 29 Aug-25 Sep; tidal shore, silty sand under driftwood; turf grass under board near woods; under coverboard at edge of woods; rocky non- tidal shore with sand and silt; swamp under log; dry vernal pool under log; rich woods under log; leaf litter in woods.

*!Pterostichus atratus (Newman)—(3); GF; pf; 23 Sep- 20 Oct.

Tt*!Prterostichus permundus (Say)-(7); GF, PH, RI, TR; hp, pf; 30 Aug-23 Oct; tidal shore under driftwood on sand, silt, and wet leaf litter; tidal shore under log on pure sand; turf grass under board near woods; in building. The known range for P. permundus is from southern Ontario and northern Michigan to southeastern South Dakota, northeastern Texas, and northeastern Florida (Bousquet, 2012).

+*!Pterostichus sculptus LeConte—(36); CP, DM, FH, GF, JP; bf, hp; 9 May-2 Jun, 19 Sep-11 Nov; under rock at edge of woods; under log in turf grass; tidal shore under driftwood; leaf litter near water; crossing stone road; under leaf litter on parking lot curb; in building. The documented range for P. sculptus is from

STEURY & MESSER: GROUND BEETLES 49

New York to Iowa, south to Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina (Bousquet, 2012). Despite its status as a new State record, this is the most common large carabid found in the study area. The species was listed as nocturnal by Larochelle & Lariviére (2003), but one specimen at Dyke Marsh was found crossing a stone road at midday. In September, a group of nine P. sculptus was found under a rock measuring 30 x 35 cm. Adult lengths for this species have been listed as 15 - 17 mm (Downie & Arnett, 1996; Ciegler, 2000), but five smaller specimens (12.5 to 13.5 mm) were found in the study area. A subteneral specimen was found in Great Falls Park on 20 May, 2013.

Pterostichus tristis (Dejean)—(3); GF, TR; hp, mt, pf; 19 Apr-21 May, 7-16 Jul; in building.

Cyclotrachelus sigillatus (Say)—(7); TR; hp, pf; 2 Jun- 29 Aug; PRG 1909; under coverboard at edge of woods; under log in rich woods; in building.

*!Cyclotrachelus furtivus (LeConte)—(12); FH, GF, TR; hp, pf; 2 Jun-29 Aug; under coverboard at edge of woods; rich woods under log; in building. The known range of this large, brachypterous carabid extends from central Virginia north to New Jersey and west to West Virginia.

ZABRINI

*!Amara pennsylvanica Hayward—(1); GF; hp; 1 May; near pond.

Amara exarata Dejean—(1); TR; hp; 13 Sep; PRG 1919; woodland edge under coverboard.

Amara impuncticollis (Say)-(6); CM, GF, TR; bf, hp, mt; 7 Mar-22 May; under rock in woods, under bark pile in woods; in leaf litter.

Amara aenea (DeGeer)—(10); AH, CP, DM, GF, PH, TR; bf, hp, pf; 20 Feb-24 Jun; on stone road; in turf grass at edge of parking lot; in leaf litter.

Amara anthobia Villa & Villa—Q); CP, DI, FM, JP, TR; hp; 7 Mar-11 Jun, 10 Nov; turf grass at edge of parking lot; in parking lot; moist depression under log, under rock in woods, on sidewalk. On the East Coast, this introduced European beetle has been recorded only in New York, Maryland, and Virginia.

Amara familiaris (Duftschmid)-(5); DM, GF, JP, PH; hp, mt; 8-28 Apr, 20 Jun-2 Jul; on sidewalk; river shore on sand and silt under sticks; under rock at woodland

edge. OODINI

!Lachnocrepis parallela (Say)—(3); DM; mt; 19-28 Apr, 29 Aug-10 Oct.

Oodes amaroides Dejean—(3); DM, GF, TR; bf, bl, hp; 15 Apr-25 May; muddy shore of river channel; leaf litter near water.

t*!Oodes americanus Dejean—(2); RI; hp; 15 May; under driftwood at upper edge of sand beach. Based on the range given for this species in Bousquet (2012), this capture likely represents the northernmost known record. This species is tentatively separated externally from very similar O. fluvialis by its proportionately broader pronotal base and by its elytrial striae possibly more finely and distantly punctate. Reliable species separation, as used to determine this record, requires examination of the dissected aedeagus as described by Bousquet (1996).

*!Oodes brevis Lindroth-(4); FM, GF, LH; bf, hp, mt, pf; 10 Apr-16 May; near pond; leaf litter in woods.

*!Oodes fluvialis LeConte—(1); DM; hp; 22 Mar; under log in swamp.

Stenocrepis cuprea (Chaudoir)—-(4); GF, TR; bl, hp; 7 Jul, 9 Sep.

CHLAENIINI

*!Chlaenius amoenus Dejean—(5); FM, GF, TR; bf, pf; 15 Apr-7 Jul.

Chlaenius emarginatus Say—(1); DM; mt; 18-23 Jul.

Chlaenius aestivus Say—(31); DM, GF, JP, TR; bf, hp, pf, mt; 11 Apr-26 Jul, 25 Sep; under loose pine bark; under coverboard at edge of woods; tidal shore under drift wood; muddy non-tidal shore under leaf litter; rocky non-tidal shore under rock on muddy sand; leaf litter near water. This species was observed to be gregarious at dry upland sites but solitary on moist river banks.

Chlaenius laticollis Say—(4); TR; hp; 15 Sep; non-tidal shore with cobble, gravel, silt, and driftwood.

Chlaenius sericeus (Forster)—-(5); GF, TR; hp; 13 Mar, 23 May, 30 Aug-26 Sep; non-tidal shore under cobble on sand, silt, and gravel; under log in woods; sandy

50 BANISTERIA

non-tidal beach under driftwood.

Chlaenius cordicollis Kirby—(4); TR; hp; 22 May, 25- 26 Sep; PRG 1918; non-tidal shore with cobble, gravel, silt, and driftwood; creek mouth, silty sand under rock.

Chlaenius impunctifrons Say—(2); GF, TR; hp, pf; 2-16 Jun, 15 Sep; non-tidal shore on gravelly silt and cobble.

Chlaenius tricolor tricolor Dejean—(9); DM, FH, GF, TR; bl, hp, mt; 28 Apr-12 Jul, 15-26 Sep; under coverboard at edge of woods; creek mouth under rock on silt and gravel; riverbank under driftwood on silty sand; in building.

LICININI

Dicaelus elongatus Bonelli-(1); LH; pf; 28 Apr-18 May.

Dicaelus dilatatus dilatatus Say—(1); GF; pf; 11-28 Apr; PRG 1925.

Dicaelus furvus furvus Dejean—(2); LH; hp, pf; 3 Apr, 29 Jul-11 Aug; sandy Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart/Pinus virginiana Miller woodland under log.

Dicaelus sculptilis intricatus LeConte—(12); GF, TR; hp, pf; 27 Apr-30 Jun, 11Aug-13 Sep; PRG 1905; rich woods under log; dead on sidewalk; in building.

Badister reflexus LeConte—(1); TR; bf; 12 May; PRG 1905; leaf litter in woods.

HARPALINI

Notiobia nitidipennis (LeConte)—(5); CP, TR; hp, mt; 11 Mar-30 Apr, 26 Jul, 29 Sep; under cover board at woodland edge; turf grass duff; under rock in open path through woods.

Notiobia terminata (Say)—(5); DM, GF, TR; bl, hp, mt; 23 Jun-23 Jul; PRG 1902; in building.

Anisodactylus nigerrimus (Dejean)—(7); GF, TR; bf, hp, pt; 15 Apr-6 May; PRG 1923; riverside prairie; open area in woods under rock; leaf litter in woods.

Anisodactylus agricola (Say)—(2); TR; hp, pf; 14 Apr- 12 May; under bark.

Anisodactylus melanopus (Haldeman)—(7); CM, GF, RI, RR, TR; bf, hp, mt; 11 Mar-16 May, 25 Sep; PRG 1912; under cobble at river edge; under streamside

NO. 43, 2014

rock; under driftwood on sandy tidal beach; under log at edge of small agricultural field; leaf litter in woods.

t*!Anisodactylus dulcicollis (LaFerté-Sénectére)—(13); AW, CP, DI, DM, FH, RI, TR; bf, hp, mt; 15 Apr-27 Jun, 19 Sep; rich woods under log; sandy tidal beach under driftwood; dry turf grass; turf grass under log; in spider web; leaf litter in woods, in building.

*!Anisodactylus ovularis (Casey)—(1); TR; hp; 17 May; attracted to light on building.

Anisodactylus rusticus (Say)—(4); CI, FH, TR, GF; hp; 22 Mar-17 Apr, 26 Sep; under thin soil over concrete; on dirt road; parking lot.

*!Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis (Fabricius)—(1); TR; mt; 19-30 Jun.

Anisodactylus verticalis (LeConte)—(4); GF, TR; hp, mt, pf; 20 May-21 Jul; under rock on sandy roadside.

*!Anisodactylus laetus Dejean—(1); GF; bl; 12 Jul. !Amphasia sericea (Harris)—(3); GF; bl; 23 Jun-5 Jul.

Amphasia interstitialis (Say)—(6); GF, PH, RR, TR; bf, hp, pf; 15 Apr-16 Jun; leaf litter in woods; muddy tidal shore under log.

Stenolophus fuliginosus Dejean—(1); DM; mt; 28 May-6 Jun. The specimen is a pale-legged variant.

Stenolophus ochropezus (Say)—(134); AW, DI, DM, FH, GF, TR; bf, bl, hp, mt; 10 Apr-23 Jul, 19-26 Sep; dry vernal pool under rock; moist upland depression under log; leaf litter in woods; leaf litter near water; creek mouth with cobble silt and driftwood; river shore with silty sand under rock; attracted to light on building. This was the most commonly collected carabid during this study, yet it was not reported from Virginia until Hoffman et al. (2006) listed it from 30 Virginia counties. Evans (2008) reported the first record for Fairfax County. We add the first records for Arlington County and the City of Alexandria.

Stenolophus plebejus Dejean—(4); CP, GF; hp, mt; 10 Apr-16 May, 8 Jun; PRG 1907; turf grass hanging over concrete; rocky non-tidal shore with gravel, silt and driftwood.

Stenolophus lecontei (Chaudoir)-(5); DM, GF, TR; bl, hp, mt; 18 Apr-31 May, 2-18 Jul, 15 Oct; sandy non- tidal beach under driftwood; attracted to light on

STEURY & MESSER: GROUND BEETLES 51

building.

Agonoleptus conjunctus (Say)-(27); CP, GF, TR; bs, hp, mt; 14 Mar-30 Jun, 18 Sep-21 Oct; rich woods under log; riverside prairie; turf grass over concrete. A subteneral specimen was collected on 2 June 2012.

*!Agonoleptus rotundatus (LeConte)—(7); CP, DM, GF; hp, mt; 1-20 May, 26-29 Sep, 7 Nov; turf grass duff; non-tidal shore with sand and mud.

Agonoleptus rotundicollis (Haldeman)—(5); DM, TR; bf, mt; 10 Apr-20 May; PRG 1908. This species was first reported from Virginia by Bousquet (2012) without further details. Roble & Hoffman (2012) listed it from Cumberland and Rockingham counties and we add Fairfax County to the known Virginia range.

*!Bradycellus nigriceps LeConte-(1); TR; mt; 19-30 Jun.

Bradycellus rupestris (Say)-(5); GF, PH, TR; bl, hp; mt; 1 May-23 Jun.

*!Bradycellus tantillus (Dejean)—(7); DM, GF; hp, mt; 20 May-9 Aug; non-tidal shore with sand and mud. This species was first reported from Virginia by Hoffman (2010).

Bradycellus atrimedeus (Say)—(5); GF, PH, RI; hp; 17 Apr-17 Jun; sandy, silty, tidal shore under sticks; sandy tidal shore under drifwood; non-tidal shore with sand and mud.

Bradycellus badipennis (Haldeman)—(1); GF; mt; 10-30 Apr.

*lAcupalpus pumilus Lindroth—(1); GF; mt; 10-30 Apr. This species was first reported for Virginia by Bousquet (2012). It is near its known southern limit in northern Virginia. It has not been recorded in Maryland but is known from West Virginia and Delaware. The species should be considered for state listing because of its rarity in Virginia.

*lAcupalpus indistinctus Dejean—(3); DM, TR; hp, mt; 30 May-20 Jun; silty gravel bar in river.

Acupalpus pauperculus Dejean—(1); GF; bs; 24 Jun. This species was previously reported for Virginia by Hoffman et al. (2006) and Evans (2008; based on the specimen cited here).

Acupalpus testaceus Dejean—(5); GF, TR; bl, hp, mt; 20 May-23 Jun; non-tidal shore with cobble, silt, and driftwood; non-tidal shore on sand and mud. Previous records from the Potomac River Gorge were limited to a single capture in 1910, until Evans (2008) reported it during the Potomac Gorge Bioblitz.

Philodes rectangulus (Chaudoir)—(2); DM; mt; 6-20 Jun, 26 Sep. This species was first recorded for Virginia by Hoffman & Roble (2000).

Harpalus vagans LeConte-(7); GF, TR; hp; 19-25 Jun, 29-30 Aug; woodland edge under coverboard; turf grass near woods under board.

Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer)—(25); CP, FH, GF, TR; bl, hp, mt; 6 Jun-26 Oct; under coverboard at edge of woods; turf grass under board; rich woods under log; in building. Evans (2008) recorded the first Potomac River Gorge record of this common, gregarious beetle since 1932. It was observed mating in Fort Hunt Park on 19 September 2012.

*!0Harpalus affinis (Schrank)—(6); DM, FH, RI; hp, mt; 8-23 May, 19-23 Sep; in building; in turf grass; in spider web; on concrete plaza.

t*l0Harpalus rubripes (Duftschmid)—(1); GF; hp; 20 May; under leaf litter on parking lot curb. This is the southernmost station known in North America for this European beetle. The first North American specimen was collected in New Hampshire in 1981. It has since been documented from Nova Scotia to eastern Pennsylvania (Bousquet, 2012), and now northern Virginia.

Selenophorus opalinus (LeConte)—(16); DM, GF; bf, bl, hp, mt; 14 Apr-7 Sep; PRG 1907; under oak leaf litter in open gap on rock outcrop above river; leaf litter near water.

Trichotichnus autumnalis (Say)—-(20); AW, DM, FM, GF, PH, RI, TR; bf, hp, If, mt; 10 Apr-20 May, 23 Jul-8 Aug, 19-21 Oct; leaf litter in woods; sandy tidal beach under driftwood; in debris of rotting stump.

Trichotichnus fulgens (Csiki)—(13); CM, CP, DI, DM, FH, FM, GF, TR; bf, hp; 19 Mar-20 Jun, 30 Aug-13 Sep; under oak leaf litter on rock outcrop above river; woodland edge under log; under rock in woods; dry turf grass; in building.

52, BANISTERIA

Cratacanthus dubius (Palisot de Beauvois)—(6); FH; hp; 27 Jun, 19 Sep; under tuft of Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. in dirt infield of baseball diamond; in building.

SPHODRINI

*!Calathus opaculus LeConte-(1); GF; bs; 14 Apr; riverside prairie.

Synuchus impunctatus (Say)-(1); TR; pf; 2-16 Jun; PRG 1905.

PLATYNINI

Rhadine caudata (LeConte)—(10); GF, TR; hp, pf; 11 Apr-6 Oct; PRG 1919; under coverboard at edge of woods; in building.

Agonum ferreum Haldeman—(11); DM, GF, PH, TR; bf, hp, mt; 17 Apr-26 Jun; rich woods under log; leaf litter near pond; under rock at trail edge in woods; creek mouth with rock, cobble, sand, and silt; muddy tidal shore under vegetative debris.

Agonum excavatum Dejean—(5); GF, TR; hp, mt; 10 Apr-30 May, 29 Aug; sandy non-tidal beach with silt cakes and sparse vegetation.

Agonum extensicolle (Say)—(20); CP, DM, GF, JP, RI, RP, TR; hp, mt, pf; 10 Apr-23 Jun, 6-25 Sep; sandy cobble tidal beach with Schoenoplectus; sandy tidal shore; tidal shore under log; rocky non-tidal shore; rocky non-tidal shore with sand and silt; turf grass under log.

Agonum melanarium Dejean—(4); GF; mt, pf; 10-30 Apr, 24 Aug-8 Sep.

*!Agonum moerens Dejean—(1); GF; bl; 28 Jun.

Agonum aeruginosum Dejean—(1); DM; mt; 19-28 Apr.

Agonum Sstriatopunctatum Dejean—(1); CP; hp; 27 May; turf grass.

Agonum octopunctatum (Fabricius)—(1); DM; mt; 7-19 Jul.

!Agonum punctiforme (Say)-(55); AW, CM, CP, DI, DM, FH, GF, PH, RI, TR; bf, hp, mt; 11 Mar-30 Jun, 27 Aug-21 Nov; woodland edge under coverboard; woods under log along trail; rocky non-tidal shore on

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sand and silt; tidal shore, silty sand under driftwood and leaf litter; dry vernal pool under log; under thin soil over concrete; weedy turf grass under board near water; tuff grass under log; under log at edge of small agricultural field; in building. A teneral specimen was captured on 11 June 2012.

Platynus decentis (Say)—(20); CM, FM, GF, LH, TR; bf, pf, hp; 11 Mar-29 Jun, 16-19 Oct; under loose bark; on tree trunk at night; leaf litter in woods; in rotting pine log.

+!Platynus opaculus LeConte—(1); DM; mt; 21 Nov-5 Dec. This species has not been recorded from Maryland, North Carolina, or West Virginia. The nearest documented states are Pennsylvania (Bousquet, 2012) and South Carolina (Ciegler, 2000; one specimen). A report of this species from the Potomac River Gorge, without reference to state record status, by Evans (2008), and cited by Roble & Hoffman (2012), is based on a misidentified specimen of P. decentis.

Platynus tenuicollis (LeConte)—-(27); GF, TR; hp, mt; 10 Apr-30 Jul; PRG 1912; under bark.

Platynus cincticollis (Say)—(23); DM, GF, TR; bl, mt, hp; 10 Apr-26 Sep; rocky non-tidal shore with sand and gravel; shore with silty sand under rock; non-tidal shore with cobble, silt, and driftwood.

PERIGONINI

*!0Perigona nigriceps (Dejean)(2); TR; bl; 15 Oct. This non-native species was first documented from Virginia by Hoffman & Roble (2000). This is the first record for Fairfax County.

ATRANINI

Atranus pubescens (Dejean)-(1); RP; hp; 11 May; under driftwood on tidal beach with sand and cobble.

ODACANTHINI Colliuris pensylvanica (Linnaeus )—(1); GF; bs; 24 Jun.

!Colliuris ludoviciana (Sallé)—(1); DM; hp; 15 May; gravelly, tidal beach on Schoenoplectus pungens.

CTENODACTYLINI

!Leptotrachelus dorsalis (Fabricius)—(9); DM; mt; 10- 17 May, 16 Jul-28 Aug.

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CYCLOSOMINI

Tetragonoderus fasciatus (Haldeman)-(8); GF, PH, TR; bl, hp, mt; 1 May-17 Jun, 9 Sep; under leaf litter on dry sand bank along river; dry, bare sand on bank of river; tidal shore on silty sand. Small colonies of T. fasciatus were observed to be active during the day in mottled sunlight on dry sand banks along the river.

LEBINI

Phloeoxena signata (Dejean)-(4); GF, TR; mt; 21 May- 17 Jul. This species was first reported for Virginia by Hoffman (1997) and for the Potomac River Gorge, where it reaches its northern limit, by Steiner & Erwin (2007).

Coptodera aerata Dejean—(10); GF, LH; If, mt; 1 May- 26 Jul; PRG 1922.

Cymindis limbata Dejean—(4); GF; hp, mt; 14 Apr, 31 Jul-17 Aug; PRG 1917; on shrub.

*!Cymindis platicollis (Say)-(7); GF; mt; 10 Apr-20 May.

Apenes lucidula lucidula (Dejean)—(2); TR; bl, hp; 13 Mar, 18 Jun; in building.

*!Apenes sinuata (Say)—(1); TR; bl; 18 Jun.

t!Microlestes pusio (LeConte)—(2); CP; hp; 20 May, 30 Aug; turf grass overhanging concrete. This minute carabid (2.4-2.7 mm) has a known range from southern Ontario, west to eastern South Dakota, and south to eastern Texas, Mississippi, and Tennessee (Bousquet, 2012). Records from the East Coast have only been documented from New York; it has also been found in Pennsylvania.

*lApristus latens (LeConte)—(1); TR; hp; 14 May; dry, sandy riverbank.

Lebia grandis Hentz—(1); GF; bl; 12 Jul. Evans (2008) recorded the first record for this beetle from the Potomac River Gorge since 1924 on Bear Island, Maryland.

Lebia analis Dejean—(2); DM, GF; bl, mt; 20 Jun, 12-26 Sep; PRG 1930.

Lebia lobulata LeConte—(6); AW, GF, TR; bf, bl, mt; 15 Apr-17 May, 3-17 Jul, 19 Sep-21 Oct; leaf litter in woods.

Lebia ornata Say—(4); GF, TR; bl, mt; 25 May-30 Jun. Evans (2008) documented the first record of this species in the Potomac River Gorge since 1913.

Lebia viridipennis Dejean—(22); GF, TR; bl, mt; 1 May- 21 Jul. Evans (2008) reported the first record of this species in the Potomac River Gorge since 1930.

Lebia viridis Say—(19), DM, GF, TR; bl, hp, mt; 10 Apr-20 Jul, 3 Oct; on Solidago bicolor L.; on Taraxacum officinale Weber; attracted to light on building.

Lebia solea Hentz—(6); GF, TR; bl, mt; 21 May-21 Jul; PRG 1930.

Plochionus timidus Haldeman-(1); GF; hp; 15 Jan; PRG 1924; under loose bark of dead standing Quercus coccinea Minchhausen.

Calleida viridipennis (Say)(5); GF, TR; bl, mt; 1-22 May, 21 Jul.

GALERITINI

Galerita bicolor (Drury)—(9); GF, RI, TR; bf, hp, mt, pf; 24 Mar-4 Aug; under bark of fallen log; inside loose wood of rotting log; leaf litter in woods.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are gratefully indebted to Glenn Curtis, Mary Jo Detweiler, Marilyn Greene, Julie Heminway, Melanie LaForce, Alex Luxon, Erin Minnick, Mireya Pasa, Christine Camp-Price, Cheryl Rash-Jones, Jessica Roberts, Lynn Scholz, Suzanne Updike, and Jane Whitaker for diligently sorting beetle specimens from Malaise trap samples. David Smith and Edd Barrows collected numerous new park records in Malaise traps run in Turkey Run and Great Falls parks and at Dyke Marsh, respectively. Steve Lingafelter, Deblyn Mead, Chris Wirth, Cristina Francois, and Norm Woodley contributed specimens during the 2006 Potomac Gorge Bioblitz. Art Evans, Warren Steiner, John Brown, Ray Fisher, Ashley Dowling, Mike Krarla, and Ian Steury collected many carabids from GWMP during arthropod inventories between 2007 and 2012. We are especially grateful for the assistance of Erik Oberg, who organized volunteer beetle sorters and much of the field work associated with this project. David R. Maddison, authority on Bembidion, kindly confirmed our specimens of B. antiquumand B. honestum, and determined B. rothfelsi by external examination. Yves Bousquet, authority on Carabidae, determined our one

54 BANISTERIA

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